This paper identifies important research issues at the international, corporate, and business levels of strategy research. In addition, research questions that require integration across multiple levels of strategy as well as the incorporation of both the content and process dimensions of strategy are addressed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abel, D.F. (1980). Defining the business: Z’he starting point of strategic planning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
Amit, R. & Livnat, J. (1988). Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic performance. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 99-110.
3.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-119.
4.
Barney, J.B. (1992). Integrating organizational behavior and strategy formulation research: A resource based analysis. Pp. 39-61 in P. Shrivastava, A. Huff&J. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, Vol. 8. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
5.
Bartless, A. & Cerny, K. (1993). Building competitive advantage through a global network of capabilities. California Management Review, 36: 78-103.
6.
Bartlett, C.A. & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
7.
Bettis, R.A.1981. Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, 2: 379-383.
8.
Bettis, R.A. & Hall, W.K. (1982). Diversification strategy, accounting determined risk, and accounting determined return. Academy of Management Journal, 25: 254-264.
9.
Bettis, R.A. & Mahajan, V. (1985). Risk/return performance of diversified firms. Management Science, 31: 785-799.
10.
Bower, J.L. & Hout, T.M. (1988). Fast cycle capability for competitive power. Harvard Business Review, 66: 110-118.
11.
Buzzell, R.D., Gale, B.T. & Sultan, G.M. (1975). Market share-a key to profitability. Harvard Business Review, 53: 97-106.
12.
Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13.
Chang, Y. & Thomas, H. (1989). The impact of diversification strategy on risk-return performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 271-284.
Crosby, P. (1979). Quality is free. New York: McGraw-Hill.
16.
Datta, D., Rajagopalan, K. & Rasheed, A. (1991). Diversification and performance: Critical review and future directions. Journal of Management Studies, 28: 529-558.
17.
Davis, P.S., Robinson, R.B., Pearce, J.A. & Park, S.H. (1992). Business unit relatedness and performance: A look at the pulp and paper industry. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 349-361.
18.
Dess, G.G. & Davis, P.S. (1984). Porter’s (1980) generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27: 467-488.
19.
Dess, G.G. & Rasheed, A.M.A. (1992). Commentary. Pp. 409-416 in P. Shrivastava, A. Huff & J. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, Vol. 8: Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
20.
Devanna, M.A. & Tichv, N. (1990). Creating the competitive organization of the 21st century: The boundaryless corporation. Human Resource Management, 29:-455-471.
21.
Dubofsky, P. & Varadarajan, P. (1989). Diversification and measures of performance Additional empirical evidence. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 597-608.
22.
Galbraith, C. & Schendel, D. (1983). An empirical analysis of strategy types. Strategic Management Journal, 4: 153-174.
Geringer, M., Beamish, P. & daCosta, R.C. (1989). Diversification strategy and internationalization: Implications for performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 109-119.
Goold, M., Campbell, A. & Alexander, M. (1994). Corporate-level strategy. New York: John Wiley.
27.
Grant, R. & Jammine, A.P. (1988). Performance differences between the Wrigley/Rumelt strategic categories. Strategic Management Journal, 6: 639-642.
28.
Grant, R., Jammine, A.P. & Thomas, H. (1988). Diversity, diversification, and profitability among British manufacturing companies, 1972-1984. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 771-801.
29.
Gupta, A.K. (1987). SBU strategies, corporate-SBU relations, and SBU effectiveness in strategy implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 3: 477-500.
30.
Gupta, A.K. & Govindarajan, V. (1986). Resource sharing among SBUs: Strategic antecedents and administrative implications. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 695-714.
31.
Gupta, A.K. & Govindarajan, V. (1991). Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management Review, 16: 768-792.
32.
Gupta, A.K. & Singh, H. (1993). The quest for synergy: Infer-SBU coordination vs. external alliances. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Academy of Management, Business Policy & Strategy Division.
33.
Haas, E.A. (1987). Breakthrough manufacturing. Harvard Business Review, 65: 76-81.
34.
Hall, W.K. (1980). Survival strategies in a hostile environment. Harvard Business Review, 58: 75-87.
35.
Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources, Strategic Management Journal, 13: 135-144.
36.
Hambrick, D.C. (1983). High profit strategies in mature capital goods industries. Academy of Management Journal, 26: 5-26.
37.
Hambrick, D.C. & Finkelstein, S. (1987). Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. Pp. 396-406 in L.L. Cummings & B.L. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 9. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
38.
Harrigan, K.R. (1983). Research methodologies for contingency approaches to business strategy. Academy of Management Review, 8: 398-405.
39.
Hennart, J.F. (1982). A theory of multinational enterprise. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
40.
Hennart, J.F. (1991). The transaction cost theory of the multinational enterprise. In C. Pitelis & R. Sugden (Eds.), The nature of the transnational firm. London: Routledge.
41.
Hennart, J.F. & Park, Y.R. (1993). Greenfield vs. acquisition: The strategy of Japanese investors in the United States. Management Science, 39: 1054-1070.
42.
Hennart, J.F. & Park, Y.R. (1994). Location, governance, and strategic determinants of Japanese manufacturing investment in the United States, forthcoming. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 419-436.
43.
Hill, C. W. L. (1988). Differentiation versus low cost or differentiation and low cost: A contingency framework. Academy of Management Review, 13: 401-412.
44.
Hill, C.W.L. & Hansen, G. (1991). A longitudinal study of the causes and consequences of changes in diversification in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry 1977-1986. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 187-199.
45.
Hill, C.W.L., Hitt, M.A. & Hoskisson, R.E. (1992). Cooperative versus competitive structures in related and unrelated diversified firms. Organization Science, 3: 501-521.
46.
Hill, C.W.L. & Pickering, J.F. (1986). Divisionalization, decentralization, and performance of large UK companies. Journal of Management Studies, 23: 26-50.
47.
Hill, C.W.L. & Snell, S.A. (1989). Effects of ownership structure and control on corporate productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 25-46.
48.
Hill, C.W.L. & Snell, S.A. (1989). External control, corporate strategy, and firm performance in research intensive industries. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 577-590.
49.
Hirschhorn, L. & Gilmore, T. (1992). The new boundaries of the boundaryless company. Harvard Business Review, 70: 104-115.
50.
Hofer, C.W. & Schendel D. (1978). Strategy formulation & analytical concepts. New York: West Publishing.
51.
Hollis, D.J. (1994). The resource based view of the firm and the importance of factor markets, working paper. Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, Boston.
52.
Hoskisson, R.E. (1987). Multidivisional structure and performance: The contingency of diversification strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 625-644.
53.
Hoskisson, R.E., Hitt, M.A., Johnson, R. A. & Moesel, D. D. (1993). Construct validity of an objective (entropy) categorical measure of diversification strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 215-235.
54.
Huber, R. (1993). How Continental outsourced its ‘crown jewels’ . Harvard Business Review, 71: 121-129.
Jacobsen, R. (1988). The persistence of abnormal returns. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 415-430.
57.
Jacobsen, R. (1990). Unobservable effects and business performance. Marketing Science, 9: 74-85.
58.
Jacquillat, B. & Solnik, B. (1978). Multinationals are poor tools for diversification. Journal of Portfolio Management, 4: 8-12.
59.
Jones, G.R. & Butler, J.E. (1988). Costs, revenue, and business-level strategy. Academy of Management Review, 13: 202-213.
60.
Jones, G.R. & Hill, C.W.L. (1988). A transaction cost analysis of strategy-structure choice. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 159-172.
61.
Keats, B.W. & Hitt, M.A. (1988). A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro-organizational characteristics, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 570-598.
62.
Kim, L. & Lim, Y. (1988). Environment, generic strategies, and performance in a rapidly developing country: A taxonomic approach. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 802-827.
63.
Kim, W.C. (1989). Developing a global diversification measure. Management Science, 35: 376-384.
64.
Kim, W.C., Hwang, P. & Burgers, W.P. (1989). Global diversification strategy and corporate profit performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 45-47.
65.
Kim, W.C., Hwang, P. & Burgers, W.P. (1993). Multinationals’ diversification and the risk-return tradeoff. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 275-286.
66.
Kogut, B. (1985). Designing global strategies: Profiting from operational flexibility. Sloan Management Review, 27-38.
67.
Learned, E.P., Christensen, CR., Andrews, K.R. & Guth, W. (1969). Business policy. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
68.
Levy, H. & Sarnat, M. (1970). International diversification of investment portfolios. American Economic Review, 60: 668-675.
69.
Lubatkin, M. & Rogers, R.C. (1989). Diversification, systematic risk, and shareholder return: A capital market extension of Rumelt’s 1974 study. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 454-465.
70.
Lubatkin, M. & Chatterjee, S. (1991). The strategy/shareholder value relationship: Testing temporal stability across market cycles. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 251-270.
71.
Mahoney, J.T. (1992). Organizational economics within the conversation of strategic management. In P. Shrivastava, A. Huff&J. Dutton (Eds.), Advunces in strategic management, Vol. 8. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
72.
Mahoney, J.T. & Pandian, J.R. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 363-380.
73.
Markowitz, H. (1959). Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification of investments. New York: Wiley.
74.
Mascarenhas, B. & Aaker, D.A. (1989). Mobility barriers and strategic groups. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 475-486.
75.
Michel, A. & Shaked, I. (1984). Does business diversification affect financial performance?Financial Management, 13: 18-25.
76.
Miles, R.E. & Snow, C.C. (1978). Organizational strategy, structure and process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
77.
Miles, R.H. (1982). Coffin nails and corporate strategies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
78.
Miller, A. & Dess, G.G. (1993). Assessing Porter’s (1980) model in terms of generalizability, accuracy, and simplicity. Journal of Management Studies, 30: 553-586.
79.
Miller, D. (1986). Configurations of strategy and structure. Strategic Management Journal, 6: 233-249.
80.
Miller, D. (1988). Relating Porter’s business strategies to environment and structure. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 280-308.
81.
Miller, D. & Friesen, P.H. (1986). Organizations: A quantum view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
82.
Miller, D. & Friesen, P.H. (1992). Generic strategies: Classification, combination, and context. Pp. 391-408 in P. Shrivastava, A. Huff & J. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, Vol. 8. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
83.
Mintzberg, H. (1982). Generic strategies: Toward a comprehensive framework. Pp. 1-67 in R. Lamb & P. Shrivastava (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, Vol. 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
84.
Montgomery, C.A. (1985). Product market diversification and market power. Academy of Management Journal, 28: 789-798.
85.
Montgomergy, C.A. & Wernerfelt, B. (1988). Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q. Rand Journal of Economics, 19: 623-632.
86.
Merck, R. & Yeung, B. (1991). Why investors value multinationality. Journal of Business, 64(2): 165-187.
87.
Murray, A.I. (1988). A contingency view of Porter’s generic strategies. Academy of Management Review, 13: 627-638.
88.
Nayyar, P.R. (1992). Performance effects in three foci in service firms. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 985-1009.
89.
Nayyar, P.R. (1993). Performance effects of information asymmetry and economies of scope in diversified service firms. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 28-57.
90.
Nelson, R. & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91.
Ohmae, K. (1989). The global logic of strategic alliances. Harvard Business Review, 67: 143-154.
92.
Palepu, K. (1985). Diversification strategy, profit performance, and the entropy measure. Strategic Management Journal, 6: 239-255.
93.
Peteraf, M. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191.
94.
Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press.
95.
Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York: Free Press.
96.
Porter, M.E. (Ed.) (1986). Competition in global industries. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
97.
Porter, M.E. (1994). Global strategy. Pp. 108-141 in L. Fahey & R.M. Randall (Eds.), The portable MBA in strategy. New York: John Wiley.
Priem, R.L. & Harrison, D.A. (1994). Exploring strategic judgments: Methods for testing the assumptions of prescriptive contingency theories. Strategic Management Journal, 311-324.
100.
Quinn, J.B. (1992). Intelligent enterprise: A knowledge and service based paradigm for industry. New York: Free Press.
101.
Ramanujam, V. & Varadarajan, P. (1989). Research on corporate diversification: A synthesis. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 523-551.
102.
Rangan, S. (1994). Are MNE hierarchies less globally flexible or more so than arms length markets? Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Competition, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL.
Seth. A. & Thomas. H. (1994). Theories of the firm: Implications for strategy research. Journal of Management Studies, 31: 165-191.
111.
Simmonds, P.G. (1990). The combined diversification breadth and mode dimensions and the performance of large diversified firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 300-312.
112.
Stalk, G. (1988). Time-the next source of competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 66: 41-51.
113.
Summer. C.E.Bettis. R.A.Duhaime. I.M.Grant. J.H.Hambrick. D.C.Snow. C.C. & Zeithaml, C.P. (1990). Doctoral education in the field of business policy and strategy. Journal of Management, 16: 361-398.
114.
Swedenborg, B. (1979). The multinational operations of Swedish firms. Stockholm: Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research.
115.
Teece, D.J. (1982). Towards an economic theory of the multiproduct firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3: 39-63.
116.
Thomas, P.R. (1991). Getting competitive: Middle managers and the cycle time ethic. New York: McGraw-Hill.
117.
Ulrich, D. & Wiersema, M.F. (1989). Gaining strategic and organizational capability in a turbulent business environment. The Academy of Management Executive, 3: 115-122.
118.
Utterback, J.M. & Abernathy, W.J. (1975). A dynamic model of process and product innovation. OMEGA, 3: 639-656.
119.
Vancil, R.F. (1980). Decentralization: Managerial ambiguity by design. New York: Financial Executives Research Foundation.
120.
Varadarajan, P. & Ramanujam, V. (1987). Diversification and performance: A re-examination using a new two dimensional conceptualization of diversity in firms. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 380-397.
121.
Vernon, R. (1977). Storm over the multinationals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
122.
Vesey, J.T. (1991). The new competitors: They think in terms of ‘speed to market.’The Executive, 5: 23-33.
123.
Vesper, K. (1979). Strategic mapping: A tool for corporate planners. Long Range Planning, 12: 75-92.
124.
Weick, K. (1976). The social psychology of organizing, 2nd ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
125.
Wernerfelt, B. & Montgomery, C.A. (1988). Tobin’s 9 and the importance of focus in firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 78: 246-250.
126.
Williamson, O.E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
127.
Wissema, J.G., Van der Pol, H.W. & Messer H.M. (1980). Strategic management archetypes. Strategic Management Journal, 1: 37-47.
128.
Wolf, B. (1977). Industrial diversification and internationalization: Some empirical evidence. Journal of Industrial Economics, 26: 177-191.
129.
Wright, P., Hotard, D., Kroll, M., Chan, P. & Tanner, J. (1990). Performance and multiple strategies in a firm: Evidence from the apparel industry. Pp. 93-110 in B.V. Dean & J.C. Cassidy (Eds.), Strategic management: Methods and studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland.
130.
Wright, P., Kroll, M., Tu, H. & Helms, M. (1991). Generic strategies and business performance: An empirical study of the screw machine products industry. British Journal of Management, 2: 1-9.
131.
Zajac, E. & Shortell, S.M. (1989). Changing generic strategies: Liklihood, direction, and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 413-430.