This study examines the relationships between team goal orientation, the team self-regulation tactic of team planning, and team performance of 91 student teams engaged in complex decision-making tasks requiring analytical skills. In contrast to previous findings involving individuals, the authors' results indicate that team performance-prove goal orientation, but not team learning goal orientation, influenced team performance through its impact on team planning. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of enhancing team performance by emphasizing team planning and team performance-prove goal orientation.
Abbey, A., & Dickson, J.W.1983. R&D work climate and innovation in semiconductors . Academy of Management Journal, 26: 362-368.
2.
Ames, C.1992. Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation . Journal of Educational Psychology, 84: 261-271.
3.
Ames, C., & Archer, J.1988. Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80: 260-267.
4.
Bandura, A.1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive view. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5.
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A.1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1173-1182.
6.
Bateman, T., & Crant, M.1993. The proactive component of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14: 103-118.
7.
Bishop, J.W., & Scott, K.D.2000. An examination of organizational and team commitment in a self-directed team environment. Journal of Applied Psychology , 85: 439-450.
8.
Blau, P.M.1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
9.
Bliese, P.D.2000. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 348-381. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
10.
Brown, A.L., Bransford, J.D., Ferrara, R.A., & Campione, J.C.1983. Learning, remembering, and understanding. In J. H. Flavell & E. M. Markman (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: 77-166. New York: Wiley.
11.
Bunderson, J.S., & Sutcliffe, K.M.2002. Why some teams emphasize learning more than others: Evidence from business unit management teams. In H. Sondak (Vol. Ed.), E. A. Mannix & M. A. Neale (Series Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams: Vol. 4. Toward phenomenology of groups and group membership: 49-84. Oxford , UK: Elsevier Science.
12.
Bunderson, J.S., & Sutcliffe, K.M.2003. Management team learning orientation and business unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 552-560.
13.
Butler, R.1993. Effects of task- and ego-achievement goals on information seeking during task engagement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 18-31.
14.
Button, S.B., Mathieu, J.E., & Zajac, D.M.1996. Goal orientation in organizational research: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67: 26-48.
15.
Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., & Quinn, R.E.2003. Foundations of positive organizational scholarship. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: 3-13. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
16.
Cervone, D., Jiwani, N., & Wood, R.1991. Goal setting and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on complex decision-making performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 257-266.
17.
Chan, D.1998. Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 234-246.
18.
Cohen, S.G., Chang, L., & Ledford, G.E., Jr.1997. A hierarchical construct of self-management leadership and its relationship to quality of work life and perceived group effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 50: 275-308.
19.
DeShon, R.P., & Gillespie, J.Z.2005. A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90: 1096-1127.
20.
DeShon, R.P., Kozlowski, S.W.J., Schmidt, A.M., Milner, K.R., & Wiechmann, D.2004. A multiple-goal, multilevel model of feedback effects on the regulation of individual and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 1035-1056.
21.
Dragoni, L.2005. Understanding the emergence of state goal orientation in organizational work groups: The role of leadership and multilevel climate perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 1084-1095.
22.
Dweck, C.S.1986. Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41: 1040-1048.
23.
Earley, P.J., Wojnaroski, P., & Prest, W.1987. Task planning and energy expended: Exploration of how goals influence performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 72: 107-114.
24.
Edmondson, A.1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams . Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 350-383.
25.
Elliot, A.J.1999. Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals . Educational Psychologist, 34: 169-189.
26.
Elliot, A.J., & Church, M.A.1997. A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 218-232.
27.
Elliot, A.J., & Harackiewicz, J.M.1996. Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 461-475.
28.
Flavell, J.H.1979. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34: 906-911.
29.
Ford, J.K., Smith, E.M., Weissbein, D.A., Gully, S.M., & Salas, E.1998. Relationships of goal orientation, metacognitive activity, and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 218-233.
30.
Gibson, C.B., Randel, A.E., & Earley, P.C.2000. Understanding group efficacy: An empirical test of multiple assessment methods. Group and Organization Management, 21: 67-97.
31.
Glick, W.H.1985. Conceptualizing and measuring organizational psychological climate: Pitfalls in multi-level research. Academy of Management Review, 10: 601-616.
32.
Gong, Y., & Fan, J.2006. Longitudinal examination of the role of goal orientation in cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology , 91: 176-184.
33.
Haleblian, J., & Finkelstein, S.1993. Top management team size, CEO dominance, and firm performance: The moderating roles of environmental turbulence and discretion. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 844-863.
34.
Higgins, E.T.1997. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist , 52: 1280-1300.
35.
Hofmann, D.A., Griffin, M.A., & Gavin, M.2000. The application of hierarchical linear modeling to management research. In K. Klein & S. W. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: 467-511. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
36.
Hong, E., & O'Neil, H.F., Jr.2001. Construct validation of a trait self-regulation model. International Journal of Psychology, 36: 186-194.
37.
Isenberg, D.J.1986. Thinking and managing: A verbal protocol analysis of managerial problem solving. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 775-788.
38.
James, L.R., Demaree, R.G., & Wolf, G.1993. rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement . Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 85-98.
39.
Janicik, G.A., & Bartel, C.A.2003. Talking about time: Effects of temporal planning and time awareness norms on group coordination and performance. Group Dynamics Theory, Research, and Practice, 7: 122-134.
40.
Jones, A.P., & James, L.R.1979. Psychological climate: Dimensions and relationships of individual and aggregated work environment perceptions. Organization Behavior and Human Performance, 23: 201-250.
41.
Kanfer, R.1992. Work motivation: New directions in theory and research . In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 7: 1-53. London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
42.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P.L.1989. Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 657-690.
43.
Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P.L., & Heggestad, E.D.1996. Motivational skills and self-regulation for learning: A trait perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 8: 185-209.
44.
Klein, K.J., Conn, A.B., Smith, D.B., & Sorra, J.S.2001. Is everyone in agreement? An exploration of within-group agreement in employee perceptions of work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 3-16.
45.
Krietler, S., & Krietler, H.1987. The motivational and cognitive determinants of individual planning. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 113: 81-107.
46.
LePine, J.A.2005. Adaptation of teams in response to unforeseen change: Effects of goal difficulty and team composition in terms of cognitive ability and goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 1153-1167.
47.
Levinthal, D.A., & March, J.G.1993. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 95-112.
48.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P.2002. Building a practically useful theory of goal-setting and task motivation. American Psychologist, 52: 705-717.
49.
Management Simulations, Inc.2006. CapstoneĀ® business simulation. Northfield, IL: Author.
McCauley, C.D.2001. Leadership training and development. In S. J. Zaccaro & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), The nature of organizational leadership: Understanding the performance imperatives confronting today's leaders: 347-383 . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
52.
McGrath, J.E.1984. Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
53.
Mumford, M.D., Schultz, R.A., & Doorn, J.R.V.2001. Performance in planning: Process, requirements, and errors . Review of General Psychology, 5: 213-240.
54.
Papaioannou, A., Marsh, H.W., & Theodorakis, Y.2004. A multilevel approach to motivational climate in physical education and sport setting: An individual or a group level construct? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26: 90-118.
55.
Payne, S.C., Youngcourt, S.S., & Beaubien, J.M.2007. A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 128-150.
56.
Porath, C.L., & Bateman, T.S.2006. Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance . Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 185-192.
57.
Porter, C.O.L.H.2005. Goal orientation: Effects on backing up behavior, performance, efficacy and commitment in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology , 90: 811-818.
58.
Roser, R.W., Midgley, C., & Urdan, T.C.1996. Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88: 408-422.
59.
Salancik, G.R., & Pfeffer, J.1978. A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 224-253.
60.
Schneider, B.1975. Organizational climates: An essay. Personnel Psychology, 36: 447-479.
61.
Schneider, B., & Reichers, A.E.1983. On the etiology of climates . Personnel Psychology, 36: 19-39.
62.
Seijts, G.H., Latham, G.P., Tasa, K., & Latham, B.W.2004. Goal setting and goal orientation: An integration of two divergent yet related literatures. Academy of Management Journal , 47: 227-239.
63.
Sobel, M.E.1982. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology: 290-312. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
64.
Stephen, J., Parente, D.H., & Brown, R.C.2002. Seeing the forest and the trees: Balancing functional and integrative knowledge using large-scale simulations in capstone business strategy classes. Journal of Management Education, 26: 164-193.
65.
Tasa, K., Taggar, S., & Seijts, G.H.2007. The development of collective efficacy in teams: A multilevel and longitudinal perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology , 92: 17-27.
66.
Tziner, A., & Eden, D.1985. Effects of crew composition on crew performance: Does the whole equal the sum of the parts? Journal of Applied Psychology , 70: 85-93.
67.
VandeWalle, D.1997. Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57: 995-1015.
68.
VandeWalle, D., Brown, S.P., Corn, W.L., & Slocum, J.W.1999. The influence of goal orientation and self-regulation tactics on sales performance: A longitudinal test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 249-259.
69.
Wegner, D.M.1994. Ironic process of mental control. Psychological Review, 101: 34-52.
70.
Weingart, L.R.1992. Impact of group goals, task component complexity, effort, and planning on group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology , 77: 682-693.
71.
Weldon, E., Jehn, K.A., & Pradhan, P.1991. Processes that mediate the relationship between group goals and improved group performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 555-569.
72.
Williams, H.M., & Parker, S.K.2000. Understanding why self-managing teams can have positive consequences: The importance of considering mediators and moderators. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
73.
Wood, R.E., & Locke, E.A.1990. Goal setting and strategy effects on complex tasks. In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior , Vol. 12: 73-110. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
74.
Yeo, G.B., & Neal, A.2004. A multilevel analysis of effort, practice, and performance: Effects of ability, conscientiousness, and goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89: 231-247.
75.
Zimmerman, B.J.2001. Attaining self-regulation. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: 13-35. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
