Is Vitamin K1 Supplementation Necessary in Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition?

Abstract

Background: IV lipid emulsions contain vitamin K in substantial quantities and in 1989, we therefore stopped supplying vitamin K1 to patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Methods: Nine patients (group I) receiving HPN before 1989 (10 mg IV vitamin K₁ supplementation weekly until 1989, which was discontinued thereafter) and six patients with an initial low plasma vitamin K₁ concentration (related to their malabsorption) (group II) receiving HPN after 1989 were studied. Pro-thrombin time (PT), plasma vitamin K₁ concentration, and vitamin K ₁ content in lipid emulsions were measured throughout the period of HPN. Results: All lipid emulsions, except for Eurolip 20% and Clinoleic 20% (Baxter SA, Maurepas, France) contained vitamin K₁, with concentration ranges from 179 ± 39 to 353 ± 78 ng/L. Group I patients had an initial high plasma vitamin K₁ concentration due to the vitamin K₁ supplementation. After this supplementation was discontinued, plasma vitamin K₁ decreased and remained in normal ranges with a normal PT. Throughout the HPN period after 1989, patients received 255 ± 104 μg of vitamin K₁ weekly through lipid emulsions. The PT and plasma vitamin K ₁ concentrations in group II patients were restored by lipid emulsions, which contained 418 ± 143 μg/wk of vitamin K₁. Conclusions: In patients receiving IV lipids (except for Eurolip and Clinoleic), a normal vitamin K₁ status can be maintained during long-term HPN without vitamin K₁ supplementation. However, vitamin K supplementation cannot be abandoned until the vitamin K content of emulsions is standardized by manufacturers. A weekly supply of 250 to 400 μg of vitamin K₁ is enough to maintain and even restore a normal vitamin K₁ status in HPN. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 22: 87-90, 1998)