Review: Abnormal Substrate Metabolism and Nutritional Strategies in Cancer Management

Abstract

Impairment of the nutritional state plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. However, the opportunity of providing artificial nutritional support to these patients is still debated, because of the concern that energy substrates administered to replete the host may concomitantly stimulate tumor growth. A correct nutritional approach to cancer patients should thus be based on a thorough knowledge of both host and tumor metabolic needs and host-tumor metabolic interactions. Specific modifications of plasma levels of glucogenic, aromatic, sulfur-containing and branched-chain amino acids have been demonstrated in cancer patients, indicating a specific influence of the tumor on amino acid metabolism. Little is known about protein metabolism in neoplastic tissue. Interference with tumor growth has been attempted by deprivation of single amino acids with controversial results. Increased gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance are responsible for the two main abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in cancer patients, namely increased glucose turnover and impaired glucose tissue disposal. Lipid metabolism is also affected by the neoplasm: soluble factors such as "lipid-mobilizing factor" lead to increased fat mobilization from adipose tissue; plasma elimination of exogenous triglycerides has also been found to be reduced probably because of a tumor-related decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity. The differences in glucose and fat utilization between tumor and host should be considered in the nutritional approach to cancer patients. Data in this respect are controversial and have been obtained only in experimental animals. In a recent study comparing the effects of a glucose-based vs a lipid-based parenteral nutritional regimen, on tumor growth in man, we showed that a lipid-based parenteral nutrition reduces, although not significantly, tumor growth rate. Nutritional manipulation of cancer is rapidly moving from theory to reality, offering nutritionists and oncologists a valid tool in cancer patient's care. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15:680-683, 1991)