Christophe J. , Winand J., Kutzner R., et al: Amino acid levels in plasma, liver, muscle, and kidney during and after exercise in fasted and fed rats. Am J Physiol221:453-457, 1971
2.
Askanazi J., Carpentier YA, Michelsen CB, et al: Muscle and plasma amino acids following injury: Influence of intercurrent infection. Ann Surg192:78-85, 1980
3.
Mühlbacher F. , Kapadia CR, Colpoys M., et al: Effects of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol247:E75-E83, 1984
4.
Roth E., Zöch G., Schulz F., et al: Amino acid concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis. Clin Chem31:1305-1309, 1985
5.
MacLennan PA , Brown RA, Rennie MJ: A positive relationship between protein synthetic rate and intracellular glutamine concentration in perfused rat skeletal muscle . FEBS Lett215:187-192, 1987
6.
Hwang TL, O'Dwyer ST, Smith RJ, et al: Preservation of small bowel mucosa using glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition. Surg Forum37:56-58, 1986
7.
Newsholme EA , Crabtree B., Ardawi MSM: Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes: Its biochemical, physiological and clinical importance. J Exp Physiol70:473-489, 1985
8.
Ardawi MS, Newsholme EA: Metabolism in lymphocytes in the immune response. Essays Biochem21:1-43, 1985
9.
Roth E., Funovics J., Muhlbacher F., et al: Metabolic disorders in severe abdominal sepsis: Glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr1:25-41, 1982
10.
Steinhardt HJ, Paleos GA, Brandl M., et al: Efficacy of a dipeptide mixture as the source of amino acids for total parenteral nutrition in a subhuman primate (baboon): Plasma concentration, metabolic clearance, and urinary excretion of a series of dipeptides. Gastroenterology86:1562-1569, 1984
11.
Vazquez JA, Paleos HJ, Steinhardt HJ et al: Protein nutrition and amino acid metabolism after 4 weeks of total parenteral nutrition with a mixture of 14 dipeptides: Serendipitous observations on effects of sepsis in baboons. Am J Clin Nutr44:24-32, 1986
12.
Roth E., Karner J., Ollenschläger G., et al: Alanylglutamine reduces muscle loss of alanine and glutamine in postoperative anaesthetized dogs. Clin Sci75:641-648, 1988
13.
Neuhaüser M. , Bässler KH: Die biologische Verfugbarkeit von Glutamin aus N-Acetyl-L-Glutamin bei intravenöser Verabreichung-Untersuchungen an der Ratte. Infusionstherapie13:292-296, 1986
14.
Adibi SA: Intestinal transport of dipeptides in man: Relative importance of hydrolysis and intact absorption. J Clin Invest50:2266-2275, 1971
15.
Ganapathy V. , Mendicino J., Pashley DH, et al: Carrier-mediated transport of glycyl-L-proline in renal brush-border vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun97:1133-1139, 1980
16.
Adibi SA, Paleos GA, Morse EL: Influence of molecular structure on half-life and hydrolysis of dipeptides in plasma: Importance of glycine as N-terminal amino acid residue. Metabolism35:830-836, 1986
17.
Lochs H., Morse EL, Adibi SA: Mechanism of hepatic assimilation of dipeptides: Transport versus hydrolysis . J Biol Chem261:14976-14981, 1986
18.
Abumrad SA, Morse EL, Lochs H., et al: Possible sources of glutamine for parenteral nutrition: Impact on glutamine metabolism. Am J Physiol257:E228-E234, 1989
19.
Magnusson I. , Kihlberg R., Alvestrand A., et al: Utilization of intravenously administered N-acetyl-glutamine in humans. Metabolism38(suppl 1):82-88, 1989
20.
Hübl W. , Druml W., Langer K., et al: Influence of molecular structure and plasma hydrolysis on the metabolism of glutamine-containing dipeptides in humans. Metabolism38(suppl 1):59-62, 1989
21.
Stehle P., Bohlmann F., Fürst P.: Peptide hydrolase activity of human plasma In vitro cleavage of glutamine-, tyrosine- and cystine-containing short-chain peptides . Clin Nutr7:40, 1988
22.
Lochs H., Hubl W., Roth E., et al: Splanchnic, renal, and muscle clearance of alanylglutamine in man and organ fluxes of alanine and glutamine when infused in free and peptide forms. Metabolism, August, 1990 in press
23.
Stehle P., Zander J., Mertes N., et al: Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet1:231-233, 1989
24.
Hammarqvist F., Wernerman J., Alla R., et al: Addition of glutamine to total parenteral nutrition after elective abdominal surgery spares free glutamine in muscle, counteracts the fall in muscle protein synthesis, and improves nitrogen balance . Ann Surg209:455-461, 1989
25.
Hübl W. , Roth E., Druml W., et al: Influence of sepsis on metabolism of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) and glycyl-L-glutamine (Gly-Gln) . Clin Nutr8(suppl):55, 1989
26.
Steininger R., Karner J., Roth E., et al: Infusion of dipeptides as nutritional substrates for glutamine, tyrosine, and branched-chain amino acids in patients with acute pancreatitis. Metabolism38(suppl 1):78-82, 1989
27.
Adibi SA: Intravenous use of glutamine in peptide form: Clinical applications of old and new observations. Metabolism38(suppl 1):89-92, 1989
