Askanazi J., Carpentier YA, Michelsen CB, et al: Muscle and plasma amino acids following injury. Ann Surg192:78-85, 1980
2.
Babij P., Hundal HS, Rennie MJ, et al: Effects of corticosteroids on glutamine transport in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol vol 374, 1986
3.
Brand K., Leibold W., Luppa P., et al: Metabolic alterations associated with proliferation of mitogen-activated lymphocytes and of lymphoblastoid cell lines: Evaluation of glucose and glutamine metabolism. Immunobiology173:23-34, 1986
4.
Burke D., Alverdy JC, Aoys E., et al: Glutamine-supplemented TPN improves gut immune function. Arch Surg124:1396-1399, 1989
5.
Cersosimo E. , Williams PE, Radosevich PM, et al: Role of glutamine in adaptations in nitrogen metabolism during fasting. Am J Physiol250:E622-E628, 1986
6.
Fox AD, Kripke SA, Berman JM, et al: Dexamethasone administration induces increased glutaminase specific activity in the jejunum and colon. J Surg Res44:391-396, 1988
Gebhardt R., Kleeman E.: Hormonal regulation of amino acid transport system N in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem166:339-344, 1987
9.
Jepson MM, Bates PC, Broadbent P., et al: Relationship between glutamine concentration and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol18:E166-E172, 1988
10.
Katz J., Golden S., Wals PA: Stimulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis by amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA73:3433-3436, 1976
11.
Krebs HA: GLutamine metabolism in the animal body. IN Glutamine: Metabolism, Enzymology, and Regulation, Mora J, Palacios R (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp 319-329
12.
MacLennan PA , Brown RA, Rennie MJ: A positive relationship between protein synthetic rate and intracellular glutamine concentration in perfused rat skeletal muscle . FEBS Lett215:187-191, 1987
13.
Millward DJ , Jepson MM, Omer A.: Muscle glutamine concentration and protein turnover in vivo in malnutrition and in endotoxemia. Metabolism38:6-13, 1989
14.
Muhlbacher F., Kapadia CR, Colpoys MF, et al: Effects of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol247:E75-E83, 1984
15.
Newsholme EA , Newsholme P., Curi R., et al: A role for muscle in the immune system and its importance in surgery, trauma, sepsis, and burns . Nutrition4:261-268, 1988
16.
Plumley DA, Souba WW, Hautamaki RD, et al: Accelerated lung amino acid release in hyperdynamic septic surgical patients. Arch Surg125:57-61, 1990
17.
Plumley DA, Souba WW, Salloum RM, et al: Glucocorticoids accelerate lung amino acid release. Surgery, in press
18.
Rennie MJ, Hundal HS, Babij P., et al: Characteristics of a glutamine carrier in skeletal muscle have important consequences for nitrogen loss in injury, infection, and chronic disease. Lancet2:1008-1011, 1986
19.
Rennie MJ, MacLennan PA, Hundal HS, et al: Skeletal muscle glutamine transport, intramuscular glutamine concentration, and muscle protein turnover. Metabolism38:47-51, 1989
20.
Richterich R. , Goldstein L., Cohen E.: Das Yorkommen von Glutaminasen in Organ-Homogenaten des Meerschweinchens. Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem312:45-50, 1958
21.
Ross BD, Hems R., Krebs HA: The rate of gluconeogenesis from various precursors in the perfused rat liver . Biochem J102:942-947, 1967
22.
Roth, E., Funovics J., Muhlbacher F., et al: Metabolic disorders in severe abdominal sepsis: Glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr1:25-41, 1982
23.
Sartorius OW , Calhoun D., Pitts RF: Studies on the interrelationship of the renal cortex and renal ammonia excretion by the rat. Endocrinology52:256-265, 1953
24.
Schworer CM , Mortimore GE: Glucagon-induced autophagy and proteolysis in rat liver: Mediation by selective deprivation of intracellular amino acids . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA76:3169-3173, 1979
25.
Souba WW; Glutamine metabolism in catabolic states: Role of the intestinal tract. Thesis , Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, June 1984
26.
Souba WWHerskowitz K.Klimberg VS et al: The effects of sepsis and endotoxemia on gut glutamine metabolism . Ann Surg211 :543-551, 1990
27.
Souba WW, Klimberg VSPlumley DA, et al: current research review: The role of glutamine in maintaining gut structure and function and supporting the metabolic response to injury and infection. J Surg Res48:383-391. 1990
28.
Souba WW, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW: Effect of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in visceral organs . Metabolism34:450-456, 1985
29.
Souba WW, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW: Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract: Invited review. JPEN9:608-617, 1985
30.
Souba WW, Wilmore DW: Postoperative alteration of arteriovenous exchange of amino acids across the gastrointestinal tract. Surgery94:342-350, 1983
Welbourne TC : Interorgan glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis . Am J Physiol253:F1069-F1076, 1987
33.
Welborne TC : Role of the lung in glutamine homeostasis . Contr Nephrol63:178-182, 1988
34.
Welbourne T. , Phenix P., Thornley-Brown G., et al: Triamcinolone activation of renal ammonia production. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med153:539-542, 1976
35.
Zeilke RH, Ozand PT, Tildon JT, et al: Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilizaiton by cultured human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol95:41-47, 1978
