Jeejeebhoy KN , Anderson GHNakhooda AF et al: Metabolic studies in total parenteral nutrition with lipid in man. J Clin Invest57:125-136. 1976
2.
Askanazi J.Carpentier A., Elwyn DH et al: Influence of total parenteral nutrition on fuel utilization in injury and sepsis. Ann Surg191:40-46, 1979
3.
Elwyn DHKinney JMAskanazi J.: Energy expenditure in surgical patients. Surg Clin North Am61:545-556. 1981
4.
Quebbeman EJ , Ausman RK, Schneider TC: A re-evaluation of energy expenditure during parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg195:282-286. 1982
5.
Paauw JD, McCamish MA, Dean RE, Ouellette TR: Assessment of caloric needs in stressed patients. J Am Coll Nutr3:51-59, 1984
6.
Kinney JM: Energy requirements for the surgical patient. IN Manual of Surgical Nutrition, Ballinger WF, Collins JA, Drucker WR, et al (eds). WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia , 1975, pp 223-35
7.
Solassol CL, Joyeux H., Etco L., et al: New techniques for long-term intravenous feeding: An artificial gut in 75 patients. Ann Surg179:519-522, 1974
8.
Burnham WR, Hansrani P., Knott CE, et al: Simplified intravenous nutrition using intralipid based mixtures in a 3 liter bag system. Gut22A:A897-A898, 1981
9.
Jacobson S., Christenson I., Kager L., et al: Utilization and metabolic effects of a conventional and a single solution regimen in postoperative total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr34:1402-1409, 1981
10.
Burnham WR, Hansrani PK, Knott CE, et al: Stability of a fat emulsion based intravenous feeding mixture . Int J Pharm13:9-22, 1983
11.
Higuchi WI, Swarbrick J., Ho NFH, et al: IN Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed, Osol A (ed). Mack Publishing Co, Easton, 1980 , pp 294-322
12.
Davis SS: The stability of fat emulsions for intravenous administration. IN Advances in Clinical Nutrition. Johnston IDA, (ed). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium held in Bermuda, 16-20th May, 1982. MTP Press, Lancaster (Lancashire ), Boston, 1983, pp 213-239
13.
Hauser H., Phillips MC: Interactions of the polar group of phospholipid bilayer membranes . Prog Surface Membr Sci13:297-413, 1979
14.
Davis SS: Pharmaceutical aspects of intravenous fat emulsions. PartI. J Hosp Pharm32:149-153, 155-160, 1974
15.
Davis SS: Pharmaceutical aspects of intravenous fat emulsions. Part II. J Hosp Pharm32:165, 167-171, 1974
16.
Rydhag L.: The importance of the phase behavior of phospholipids for emulsion stability . Fette Seifen Anstrichm4:168-173, 1979.
17.
Takamura A. , Fumiyoshi I., Shun'lchi N., Tanifuji M. et al: Study of intravenous hyperalimentation: Effect of selected amino acids on the stability of intravenous fat emulsions . J Pharm Sci73:91-94, 1984
18.
Davies JT, Rideal EK: Interfacial Phenomena. Academic Press, New York, 1963
19.
Shaw DJ: Introduction to colloid chemistry. Butterworths , London, 1970
20.
Kitchener JA , Mussellwhite PR: The theory of stability of emulsions. IN Emulsion Science, Sherman P (ed). Academic Press, London, 1968, pp 77
21.
Alexander AE , Johnson P.: Colloid Science, Oxford . Clarendon Press, 1949, pp 100-127
22.
Hardy G., Cotter R., Dawe R.: The stability and comparative learance of TPN mixtures with lipid . IN Advances in Clinical Nutrition, Johnson IDA, (ed). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium held in Bermuda, 16-20th May, 1982. MTP Press, Lancaster (Lancashire ), Boston, 1983, pp 241-260
23.
Allwood MC: Compatability and stability of 'TPN mixtures in big bags. J Clin Hosp Pharm9:181-198, 1984
24.
Geyer RP, Watkin DMMatthews LW, et al: Parenteral Nutrition. XI. Studies with stable and unstable fat emulsions administered intravenously. Proc Exp Biol77:872-876, 1951
25.
Fujita T.Sumaya T., Yokoyama K.: Fluorocarbon emulsion as a candidate for artificial blood. Eur Surg Res3:436-453, 1971
26.
Whateley TL , Steele G., Urwin J. et al: Particle size stability of intralipid and mixed total parenteral nutrition mixtures. J Clin Hosp Pharm9:113-126. 1984
27.
Randle KJ: Chem Industry19:74. 1980
28.
Bangham AD, Heard DHFlemans R. et al: An apparatus for microelectrophoresis of small particlesNature182:642-644, 1958
29.
Black CDPopovich NG: A study of intravenous emulsion compatibility: Effects of dextrose, amino acids, and selected electrolytes. Drug Intell Clin Pharm15:184-193, 1981
Jeppsson RISjoberg B.: Compatibility of parenteral nutrition solutions when mixed in a plastic bag . Clin Nutr2:149-158, 1984
32.
Kirkland Dean.Pharmaceutical Research and Development Manager, Kabi-Vitrum, Inc. Alameda, CA. Personal communication , August 1985
33.
Kawilarang CRT , Georghiou K., Groves MJ: The effect of additives on the physical properties of a phospholipid-stabilized soybean oil emulsion . J Clin Hosp Pharm5:151-160, 1980
34.
Koida Y., Matsuda S., Miura H.: Preparation of infusion for total parenteral nutrition. Acta Chir Scand (Suppl)466:116-117, 1976
35.
Dawes WH, Groves MJ: The effect of electrolytes on phospholipid-stabilized soyabean oil emulsions . Int J Pharm1:141-150, 1978
36.
LeVeen HH, Giordano P., Johnson A., et al: Flocculation of intravenous fat emulsions . Am J Clin Nutr16:129-134, 1965
37.
Black CD, Popovich NG: Stability of intravenous fat emulsions. (Lett) Arch Surg115:891, 1980
38.
Frank JT: Intralipid compatability study. Drug Intell Clin Pharm7:351-352, 1973
39.
Iliano L., Delanghe M., van Den Baviere H, et al: Effect of electrolytes in the presence of some trace elements on the stability of all-in-one emulsion mixtures for total parenteral nutrition . J Clin Hosp Pharm9:87-93, 1984
40.
Hardy G., Klim RA: Stability studies on parenteral nutrition mixtures with lipids. JPEN5:569, 1981 (abstr)
41.
Solassol CL , Joyeux H., Astruc B., et al: Complete nutrients mixtures with lipids for total parenteral nutrition in cancer patients. Acta Chir Scand (Suppl)498:151-154, 1980
42.
Klim RA, Cambier J., Kersten J., et al: The stability of parenteral nutrition mixtures after freezing and microwave thawing in 3 liter plastic containers. JPEN4:438, 1980 (abstr)
43.
Hardy G., Klim RA: The physical stability of parenteral nutrition mixtures with lipids . JPEN5:363, 1981 (abstr)
44.
Pamperl H., Kleinberger G.: Morphologic changes of Intralipid 20% liposomes in all-in-one solutions during prolonged storage. Infusionstherapie9:86-91, 1982
45.
Abrahamian V., Kaminski MV, Abrahamian FP: Stability of a TPN tri-component admixture (TNA) in a single flexible container utilizing 20% fat emulsion. Gastroenterology84:1086, 1983 (abstr)
46.
Knutsen C., Miller P., Kaminski MV: Compatibility, stability, and effect of mixing a 10% fat emulsion in TPN solutions: A case report. JPEN579, 1981 (abstr)
47.
Sitges-Serra A., Jaurrieta E., Pallares R., et al: Clinical experience with fat-containing TPN solutions. IN Advances in Clinical Nutrition, Johnston IDA, (ed). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium held in Bermuda, 16-20th May, 1982. MTP Press, Lancaster (Lancashire ), Boston, 1983, pp 207-212
48.
Messing B., Beliah M., Girard-Pipau F., et al: Technical hazards of using nutritive mixtures in bags for cyclical intravenous nutrition: Comparison with standard intravenous nutrition in 48 gastroenterological patients. Gut23:297-303, 1982
49.
Epps DR, Knutsen CV, Kaminski MV, et al: Clinical results with total nutrient admixture for intravenous infusion. Clin Pharm2:268-270, 1983
Scott EM, Gorman SP, Wyatt TD, et al: Growth of microorganisms in total parenteral nutrition mixtures and related clinical observations. J Clin Hosp Pharm10:79-88, 1985
Mirtallo J. : Advances in parenteral formulas. (lett) Nutr Supp Serv5(5):10-13, 1985
54.
Henann NE: Disadvantages of using total nutrient admixtures. (lett) Am J Hosp Pharm41:652, 1984
55.
Dobbins DL: 3-in-1 system of PN solution delivery. Nutr Supp Serv5(7):45-46, 1985
56.
Travenol product information, Deerfield, IL
57.
Abbott personal communication, North Chicago, IL
58.
Alpha Therapeutics personal communication, Los Angeles, CA
59.
Harrie KR, Jacob M., Calvillo P., et al: Comparison of total nutrient admixture stability using two iv fat emulsions, Soyacal and Intralipid 20%. JPEN9:124, 1985 (abstr)
60.
Knutsen CV, Epps DR, McCormick DC, et al: Total nutrient admixture guidelines. (lett) Drug Intell Clin Pharm18:253-54, 1984
61.
Wretlind A.: Current status of Intralipid and other fat emulsions. IN Fat Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition, Meng HC, Wilmore DW, (eds). American Medical Association, Chicago1976, p 109