Glutamine Metabolism by the Intestinal Tract

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Addae SK , Lotspeich WD : Relation between glutamine utilization and production in metabolic acidosis . Am J Physiol 215:269, 1968

Amberger I. , Furst P. , Godel H. , et al: The potential parenteral application of the peptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as a nitrogen source in severe catabolic states (abstract). Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem 394:1253, 1983

Anderson NM , Bennett FI , Alleyne GAO : Ammonia production by the small intestine of the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 437:238, 1976

Aoki TT , Muller WA , Cahill GF : Hormonal regulation of glutamine metabolism in fasting man. Adv Enzyme Reg 10:145, 1972

Ardawi MSM , Newsholme EA : Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of the rat. Biochem J 208:743, 1982

Armstrong MD , Stave U. : A study of plasma free amino acid levels. I. Study of factors affecting validity of amino acid analysis. Metabolism 22:549, 1973

Askanazi J. , Carpentier YA , Michelsen CB , et al: Muscle and plasma amino acids following injury: influence of intercurrent infection. Ann Surg 192:78, 1980

Askanazi J. , Furst P. , Michelsen CB , et al: Muscle and plasma amino acids after injury: hypocaloric glucose vs. amino acid infusion. Ann Surg 191:465, 1980

Baskerville A. , Hambleton P. , Benbough JE : Pathologic features of glutaminase toxicity . Br J Exp Pathol 61:132, 1980

10.

Baverel G. , Lund P. : A role for bicarbonate in the regulation of mammalian glutamine metabolism . Biochem J 184:599, 1979

11.

Bergstrom J. , Furst P. , Noree LO , et al: Intracellular free amino acid concentration in human muscle tissue. J App Physiol 36:693, 1974

12.

Brosnan JT , Man KL , Hall DE , et al: Interorgan metabolism of amino acids in streptozotocin-diabetic ketoacidotic rats. Am J Physiol 244:E151, 1983

13.

Cahill F. : Starvation in man. N Engl J Med 282:668, 1970

14.

Cahill GF , Aoki TT : Renal gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in man. Med Clin North Am 59:751, 1975

15.

Christensen HN : On the development of amino acid transport systems. Fed Proc 32:19, 1973

16.

Curthoys NP , Shapiro RA , Haser WG : Enzymes of renal glutamine metabolism. IN Glutamine Metabolism in Mammalian Tissues. Häussinger D , Sies H (eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984, p 16

17.

Defronzo RA , Felig P. : Amino acid metabolism in uremia: Insights gained from normal and diabetic man. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1378, 1980

18.

Elwyn D. : The role of the liver in regulation of amino acid and protein metabolism . IN Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol 4, Munro HN (ed). Academic Press, New York, 1970, p 523

19.

Elwyn DH , Poredd HC , Shoemaker WC : Amino acid movements between gut, liver and periphery in unanesthetized dogs . Am J Physiol 215:1260, 1968

20.

Felig P. : Amino acid metabolism in man. Ann Rev Biochem 44:933, 1975

21.

Felig P. : The glucose-alanine cycle. Metabolism 22:179, 1973

22.

Felig P. , Owen OE , Wahren J. , et al: Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation. J Clin Invest 48:584, 1969

23.

Felig P. , Pozefsky T. , Marliss E. , et al: Alanine: key role in gluconeogenesis. Science 167:1003, 1970

24.

Felig P. , Wahren J. , Raf L. : Evidence of interorgan amino-acid transport by blood cells in humans . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:1775, 1973

25.

Fine A. : Effects of acute metabolic acidosis on renal, gut, liver, and muscle metabolism of glutamine and ammonia in the dog. Kidney Intern 21:439, 1982

26.

Frame EG : The levels of individual free amino acids in the plasma of normal man at various intervals after a high-protein meal. J Clin Invest 37:1710, 1958

27.

Frisell WR : Metabolic fate of nitrogen. IN Human Biochemistry, WR Frisell , ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1982, p 236

28.

Gebhardt R. and Mecke D. : Heterogeneous distribution of glutamine synthetase among rat liver parenchymal cells in situ and in primary culture. EMBO J 2:567, 1983

29.

Golden MH , Jahoor P. , Jackson AA : Glutamine production rate and its contribution to urinary ammonia in normal man. Clin Sci 62:299, 1982

30.

Hanson PJ , Parsons DS : Glutamine and glucose as fuels for the fed, fasted, and acidotic rat small intestine. J Physiol (Lond) 268:13P, 1977

31.

Hanson PJ , Parsons DS : Metabolism and transport of glutamine and glucose in vascularly perfused small intestine of the rat. Biochem J 166:509, 1977

32.

Heitman RN , Bergman EN : Glutamine metabolism, interorgan transport, and glucogenicity in the sheep . Am J Physiol 234:E197, 1978

33.

Kapadia CR , Colpoys MF , Jiang Z. , et al: Maintenance of skeletal muscle intracellular glutamine during standard surgical trauma. JPEN 9:583-589, 1985

34.

Kapadia CR , Muhlbacher F. , Smith RJ , et al: Alterations in glutamine metabolism in response to operative stress and food deprivation. Surg Forum 33:19, 1982

35.

Kovacevic Z. , McGivan JD : Mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine and glutamate and its physiologic significance. Physiol Rev 63:547, 1983

36.

Kinney JM , Felig P. : The metabolic response to injury and infection. IN Endocrinology, Vol 3, Degroot LJ , Cahill GF , O'Dell WD et al (eds). Grune and Stratton, New York, 1979 , p 1963

37.

Korein J. : Oral L-glutamine well tolerated. Lancet 301:1066, 1979

38.

Kominz DR , Hough A. , Symonds P. , et al: The amino acid composition of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and the meromyosins. Arch Biochem Biophys 50:48, 1951

39.

Krebs H. : Glutamine metabolism in the animal body. IN Glutamine: Metabolism, Enzymology, and Regulation, Palacios R , Mora J (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1980, p 319

40.

Krebs HA , Baverel G. , Lund P. : Effect of bicarbonate on glutamine metabolism. Br J Biochem 12:69, 1980

41.

Lund PL : L-Glutamine. Determination with glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase . IN Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol IV, HU Bergmeyer (ed). Academic Press, New York, 1974, p 1719

42.

Marliss EB , Aoki TT , Pozefsky T. , et al: Muscle and splanchnic glutamine and glutamate metabolism in postabsorptive and starved man. J Clin Invest 50:814, 1971

43.

Martin DW : Metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. IN Harper's Review of Biochemistry, Martin DW , Mayes PA , Rodwell VW (eds). Lange Book Series, New York, 1980, p 331

44.

Martinez-Hernandez A. : Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain. Science 195:1356, 1977

45.

Matsutaka H. , Aikawa T. , Yamamoto H. , et al: Gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism. III. Uptake of glutamine and output of alanine and ammonia by non-hepatic splanchnic organs of fasted rats and their metabolic significance. J Biochem 74:1019, 1973

46.

Meister A. : Enzymology of glutamine. IN Glutamine Metabolism, Enzymology and Regulation, Palacios R , Mora J (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1980, p 1

47.

Miller EM , Cersosimo E. , McRae J. , et al: Interorgan relationships of alanine and glutamine during fasting in the conscious dog. J Surg Res 35:310, 1983

48.

Mircheff AK , Van Os CH , Wright EM : Pathways of alanine transport in intestinal basal lateral membrane vesicles. J Membrane Biol 52:83, 1980

49.

Muhlbacher F. , Kapadia CR , Colpoys MF , et al: Effects of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 247:E75, 1984

50.

Munro HN : Free amino acid pools and their regulation. IN Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Vol 4, Munro HN , and Allison JB (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1964, p 299

51.

Neptune EM : Respiration and oxidation of various substrates by ileum in vitro . Am J Physiol 209:329, 1965

52.

Okabe S. , Honda K. , Takeuchi K. , et al: Inhibitory effect of L-glutamine on gastric irritation and back diffusion of gastric acid in response to aspirin in the rat. Digest Dis 20:626, 1975

53.

Olszewski A. : Interrelationships between amino acids absorbed from the isolated pig cecum in situ. Acta Physiol Pol 29:167, 1978

54.

Owen OE , Felig P. , Morgan AP , et al: Liver and kidney metabolism during prolonged starvation. J Clin Invest 46:574, 1969

55.

Owen OE , Morgan AP , Kemp HG , et al: Brain metabolism during prolonged starvation. J Clin Invest 46:1589, 1967

56.

Owen OE , Robinson RR : Amino acid extraction and ammonia metabolism by the human kidney during the prolonged administration of ammonium chloride. J Clin Invest 42:263, 1963

57.

Phromphetcharat V. , Jackson A. , Dass PD , et al: Ammonia partitioning between glutamine and urea: interorgan participation in metabolic acidosis . Kidney Int 20:598, 1981

58.

Reitzer LJ , Wice BM , Kennell D. : Evidence that glutamine, not sugar, is the major energy source for cultured HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 254:2669, 1979

59.

Roediger WEW : Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 21:793, 1980

60.

Roediger WEW : Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology 83:424, 1982

61.

Roth E. , Funovics J. , Muhlbacher F. , et al: Metabolic disorders in severe abdominal sepsis: glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr 1:25, 1982

62.

Ruderman N. : Muscle amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis . Ann Rev Med 26:245, 1975

63.

Schrock H. , Goldstein L. : Interorgan relationships for glutamine metabolism in normal and acidotic rats . Am J Physiol 240:E519, 1981

64.

Schoolwerth AC , La Noue KF : Control of ammoniagenesis by α-ketoglutarate in the rat kidney mitochondria. Am J Physiol 244:F399, 1983

65.

Simpson DP : Modulation of glutamine transport and metabolism in mitochondria from dog renal cortex. J Biol Chem 255:7123, 1980

66.

Souba WW : Glutamine metabolism in catabolic states: Role of the intestinal tract . Thesis, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, June 1984

67.

Souba WW , Kapadia CR , Smith RJ , et al: Glucocorticoids alter amino acid metabolism in visceral organs . Surg Forum 34:74, 1983

68.

Souba WW , Scott TE , Wilmore DW : Gastrointestinal regulation of parenterally administered nutrients . Surg Forum 35:176, 1984

69.

Souba WW , Scott TE , Wilmore DW : Intestinal consnmption of intravenously administered fuels. JPEN 9:18, 1985

70.

Souba WW , Smith RJ , Wilmore DW : Effect of glucocorticoids on glutamine metabolism in visceral organs . Metabolism 34:450, 1985

71.

Souba WW , Wilmore DW : Postoperative alteration of arteriovenous exchange of amino acids across the gastrointestinal tract. Surgery 94:342, 1983

72.

Souba WW , Wilmore DW : Gut-liver interaction during accelerated gluconeogenesis. Arch Surg 120:66, 1985

73.

Tapia R. : Glutamine metabolism in brain. IN: Glutamine: Metabolism, Enzymology, and Regulation, Palacios R , Mora J (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1980, p 285

74.

Van Slyke DD , Nuj GM : The fate of protein digestion products in the body. III. The absorption of amino acids from the blood by the tissues . J Biol Chem 16:197, 1913

75.

Vinay P. , Mapes JP , Krebs HA : Fate of glutamine carbon in renal metabolism. Am J Physiol 234:F123, 1978

76.

Vinnars E. , Bergstrom J. , Furst P. : Influence of the postoperative state on the intracellular free amino acids in human muscle tissue. Ann Surg 182:665, 1975

77.

Weber FL , Maddrey WC , Walser M. : Amino acid metabolism of dog jejunum before and during absorption of keto analogues. Am J Physiol 232:E263, 1977

78.

Weber FL , Veach GL : The importance of the small intestine in gut ammonia production in the fasting dog. Gastroenterology 77:235, 1979

79.

Weber FL , Veach GL , Friedman DW : Stimulation of ammonia production from glutamine by intraluminal glucose in small intestine of dogs. Am J Physiol 242:G552, 1982

80.

Wilmore DW , Brooks DC , Muhlbacher F. , et al: Altered amino acid concentrations and flux following traumatic injury. IN Amino Acids, Blackburn GL , Grant JP , Young VR (eds) John Wright, Inc, Boston, 1983, p 387

81.

Windmueller HG : Enterohepatic aspects of glutamine metabolism. IN Glutamine: Metabolism, Enzymology, and Regulation, Palacios R , Mora J (eds). Academic Press, New York, 1980, p 235

82.

Windmueller HG ; Glutamine utilization by the small intestine . Adv Enzymol 53:202, 1982

83.

Windmueller HG , Spaeth AE : Intestinal metabolism of glutamine and glutamate from the lumen as compared to glutamine from blood. Arch Biochem Biophys 171:662, 1975

84.

Windmueller HG , Spaeth AE : Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats. J Biol Chem 255:107, 1980

85.

Windmueller HG , Spaeth AE : Uptake and metabolism of plasma glutamine by the small intestine. J Biol Chem 249:5070, 1974

86.

Windmueller HG , Spaeth AE : Vascular perfusion of rat small intestine: metabolic studies with isolated and in situ preparations. Fed Proc 36:177, 1977

87.

Windmueller HG , Spaeth AE , Ganote CE : Vascular perfusion of isolated rat gut: norepinephrine and glucocorticoid requirement. Am J Physiol 218:197, 1970

88.

Wolff JE , Bergman EN , Williams HH : Net metabolism of plasma amino acids by liver and portal-drained viscera of fed sheep. Am J Physiol 223:438, 1972

89.

Yamamoto H. , Aikawa T. , Matsutaka H. , et al: Interorganal relationships of amino acid metabolism in fed rats. Am J Physiol 226:1428, 1974

90.

Zielke RH , Ozand PT , Tildon JT , et al: Reciprocal regulation of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 95:41, 1978