Use of 20% Fat Emulsion in Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition

Blackburn GL , Flatt JP , Clowes GHA , et al: Peripheral intravenous feeding with isotonic amino acid solutions. Am J Surg 125:447-54, 1973

Freeman JB , Stegink LD , Wittne MF , et al: The current status of protein sparing. Surg Gynecol Obstet 144:843-849, 1977

Greenberg GR , Marliss EB , Anderson GH , et al: Protein-sparing therapy in post-operative patients: effects of added hypocaloric glucose or lipid. N Engl J Med 294:1411-1416, 1976

Gamble JL : Clinical anatomy, physiology and pathology of extracellular fluid: a lecture syllabus, 5th ed. Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1947

Wolfe BM , Calebras JM , Sin JW , et al: Substrate interaction in intravenous feeding: comparative effect of carbohydrate and fat on amino acid utilization in fasting man. Ann Surg 186:518-540, 1977

Tweedel D. , Johnson IDA : Factors affecting the metabolic expenditure of surgical patients. Br J Surg 56:771-774, 1971

Jeejeebhoy KN , Anderson GH , Nakhooda AF : Metabolic studies in total parenteral nutrition with lipid in man: comparison with glucose, J Clin Invest 57:125-136, 1976

Zohrab WJ , McHattie JD , Jeejeebhoy KN : Total parenteral alimentation, with lipid. Gastroenterology 64:583-592, 1973

Hansen LM , Hardie WR , Hidalgo J. : Fat emulsion for intravenous administration: clinical experience with intralipid 10%. Ann Surg 184:80-88, 1976

Wilmore DW , Moylan JA , Helm Kamp GM , et al: Clinical evaluation of a 10% intravenous fat emulsion for parenteral nutrition in thermally injured patients. Ann Surg 178:503-515, 1973

Blackburn GL : Nitrogen conservation using fat as a nonprotein caloric source. IN Fat Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition. Meng HC , Wilmore DW (eds). Chicago American Medical Association, 1976, pp 65-66

Isaacs JW , Rudman D. : Parenteral nutrition with a 900 milliosmolar solution via peripheral veins . Am J Clin Nutr 30:626, 1977

Tanner WA , Delaney PV , Hennessy TP : The influence of heparin on intravenous infusions: a prospective study . Br J Surg 67:311, 1980

Silberman H. , Freehaut M. , Fong G. , et al: Parenteral nutrition with lipids. JAMA 238; 1380-1382, 1977

Munro HN , Naismith DJ : The influence of energy intake on protein metabolism. J Biochem 54:191, 1953

Munro HN : Carbohydrate and fat as factors in protein utilization and metabolism . Physiol Rev 31:449, 1951

Brennan MF , Fitzpatrick GF , Cohen KH , et al: Glycerol: major contribution to the short term protein sparing effect of fat emulsions in normal man. Ann Surg 182:386-394. 1975

Long JM III , Wilmore DW Mason AD et al: Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding. Ann Surg 185:417-422, 1977

Reid DJ : Intravenous fat therapy. II. Changes in oxygen consumption and respiratory quotient. Br J Surg 54:204. 1967

Reid. DJ : Metabolic and blood coagulation changes during intravenous fat infusions . Ann R Coll Surg Engl 42:322, 1968