A technique of permanent pacemaker insertion has been adapted to implantation of long-term central venous cannulae. This new method allows large caliber cannula implantation while avoiding direct exposure of the vein to be cannulated.
Hickman RO, Buckner CD, Clift RA, et al: A modified right atrial catheter for access to the venous system in marrow transplant recipients. Surg Gynecol Obstet148:871-875, 1979
3.
Heimbach DM, Ivey TD: Technique for placement of permanent home hyperalimentation catheter . Surg Gynecol Obstet143 :634-636, 1976
4.
Littleford PO , Spector SD: Device for the rapid insertion of a permanent endocardial pacing electrode through the subclavian vein: preliminary report . Ann Thorac Surg27:265, 1979
5.
Vander Salm TJ : Subclavian vein cannulation. IN Atlas of Bedside Procedures, chap 3. TJ Vander Salm , BS Cutler.HB Wheeler , eds. Little. Brown & Co, New York, 1979. p 25.