Third Annual Jonathan E. Rhoads LECTURE Introduction

Beisel WR : Magnitude of the host nutritional responses to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1236–1247, 1977.

Wilmore DW : Impaired gluconeogenesis in extensively injured patients with gram-negative bacteremia. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1355–1356, 1977.

Beisel WR : Effect of infection on nutritional needs. IN Handbook of Nutrition and Food, Rechcigl M (ed), Cleveland, CRC Press, Inc, 1980., in press.

Beisel WR : Metabolic response to infection. Annu Rev Med 26:9–20,1975.

Long CL : Energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism in infection and sepsis. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1301–1310, 1977.

Long CL , Kinney JM , Geiger JW : Nonsuppressability of gluconeogenesis by glucose in septic patients. Metabolism 25:193–201,1976.

Wannemacher RW Jr : Key role of various individual amino acids in host response to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1269–1280, 1977.

Wannemacher, RW Jr , Neufeld HA , Beall FA et al: Carbohydrate metabolism during pneumococcal infection in rats. Fed Proc 36: 1174, 1977.

Wannemacher RW Jr: Basic changes in protein metabolism during stress. Proceedings of the Fifth Western Hemisphere Nutrition Congress, Chicago, American Medical Association, 1978, pp 202–209

Curnow RT , Rayfield EJ , George DT et al: Altered hepatic glycogen metabolism and glucoregulatory hormones during sepsis. Am J Physiol 230:1296–1301, 1976.

Shambaugh GE III , Beisel WR : Insulin response during tularemia in man. Diabetes 16:369–376, 1967.

Ryan NT , Blackburn GL , Clowes GHA Jr : Differential tissue sensitivity to elevated endogenous insulin levels during experimental peritonitis in rats. Metabolism 23:1081–1088,1974.

George DT , Rayfield EJ , Wannemacher RW Jr : Altered glucoregulatory hormones during acute pneumococcal sepsis in the rhesus monkey. Diabetes 23:544–549,1974.

Rayfield EJ , Curnow RT , George DT et al: Impaired carbohydrate metabolism during a mild viral illness. New Engl J Med 289:618–621, 1973.

Zenser TV , DeRubertis FR , George DT et al: Infection-induced hyperglucagonemia and altered hepatic response to glucagon in the rat. Am J Physiol 227:1299–1305, 1974.

Blackard WG , Anderson JH Jr , Spitzer JJ : Hyperinsulinism in endotoxin shock dogs. Metabolism 25:675–684,1976.

Rocha DM , Santeusanio F , Faloona GR et al: Abnormal pancreatic alpha-cell function in bacterial infections. New Engl J Med 288: 700–703, 1973.

Griffiths J , Groves AC , Leung FY : Hypertriglyceridemia and hypoglycemia in gram-negative sepsis in the dog. Surg Gynecol Obstet 126:897–903. 1973.

Groves AC , Griffiths J , Leung F et al: Plasma catecholamines in patients with serious postoperative infection. Ann Surg 178:102–107,1973.

Duff JH : Cardiovascular and metabolic changes in shock and sepsis. Review of changing concepts. Eur Surg Res 9:155–165, 1977.

Beisel WR , Rapoport MI : Interrelations between adrenocortical functions and infectious illness. New Engl J Med 280:541–546, 569–604,1969.

Davidson MB , Mager M , Killian P , et al: Metabolic and thermal responses to Piromen in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 32:179–187, 1971.

Rayfield EJ , George DT , Beisel WR : Altered growth hormone homeostasis during acute bacterial sepsis in the rhesus monkey. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 38:746–754,1974.

Coran AG , Cryer PE , Horwitz DL et al: Changes in serum free fatty acids during experimental live Escherichia coli septicemia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 135:417–421,1972.

Long CL , Jeevanandam M , Kim BM et al: Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism in septic man. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1340–1344,1977.

Kaminski MV Jr , Neufeld HA , Wannemacher RW Jr et al: Specific metabolic effects imposed by Streptococcus pneumoniae upon the response to femoral fracture in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1512–1513, 1977.

Nishijima H , Weil MH , Shubin H et al: Hemodynamic and metabolic studies on shock associated with gram negative bacteremia. Medicine 52:287–294, 1973.

Imamura M , Clowes GHA Jr , Blackburn GL et al: Liver metabolism and glucogenesis in trauma and sepsis. Surgery 77:868–880, 1975.

O'Donnell TF Jr , Clowes GHA Jr , Blackburn GL et al: Proteolysis associated with a deficit of peripheral energy fuel substrates in septic man. Surgery 80:192–200, 1976.

Kinney JM : Energy significance of weight loss. IN Intravenous Hyperalimentation, Cowan GSM Jr , Scheetz WL (eds), Philadelphia, Lee & Febiger, 1972., pp 84–91.

Long CL , Spencer JL , Kinney JM et al: Carbohydrate metabolism in man: effect of elective operation and major injury. J Appl Physiol 31:110–116, 1971.

Kishimoto M : Effect of pneumococcus infection on glucose and insulin metabolism. Nippon Naibumpi Gakkai Zasshi 41:885–899. 1965.

Neufeld HA , Pace JA , White FE : The effect of bacterial infections on ketone concentrations in rat liver and blood and on free fatty acid concentrations in rat blood. Metabolism 25:877–884,1976.

Pace JA , Beall FA , Neufeld HA et al: Alterations in carnitine acylation states in S. pneumoniae infected rats. Fed Proc 36:788, 1977.

Wakeman AM , Morrell CA : Chemistry and metabolism in experimental yellow fever in Macacus rhesus monkeys. III. Blood sugar and liver glycogen. Arch Intern Med 47:104–115, 1931.

Kun E , Miller CP : Effect of bacterial endotoxins on carbohydrate metabolism of rabbits. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 67:221–225,1948.

Berry LJ , Smythe DS , Young LG : Effects of bacterial endotoxin on metabolism. I. Carbohydrate depletion and the protective role of cortisone. J Exp Med 110:389–405,1959.

Berry LJ , Smythe DS : Some metabolic aspects of host-parasite interactions in the mouse typhoid model. Ann NY Acad Sci 88: 1278–1286, 1960.

Guckian JC : Role of metabolism in pathogenesis of bacteremia due to Diplococcus pneumoniae in rabbits. J Infect Dis 127:1–8,1973.

Canonico PG , White JD , Powanda MC : Peroxisome depletion in rat liver during pneumococcal sepsis. Lab Invest 33:147–150,1975.

Canonico PG , Rill W , Ayala E : Effects of inflammation on peroxisomal enzyme activities, catalase synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Lab Invest 37:479–486,1977.

Wannemacher RW Jr , Neufeld HA , Canonico PG : Hepatic gluconeogenic capacity and rate during pneumococcal infection in rats. Fed Proc 35:343, 1976.

Canonico PG , Ayala E , Rill WL et al: Effects of pneumococcal infection on rat liver microsomal enzymes and lipogenesis by isolated hepatocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1359–1363,1977.

Moore RN , Johnson BA , Berry LJ : Nutritional effects of salmonellosis in mice. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1289–1293,1977.

Beisel WR : Resume of the discussion concerning the nutritional consequences of infection. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1294–1300, 1977.

Yeung CY : Hypoglycemia in neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr 77:812–817, 1970.

Felig P , Brown WV , Levine RA et al: Glucose homeostasis in viral hepatitis. New Engl J Med 283:1436–1440, 1970.

Bistrian BR , Blackburn GL , Scrimshaw NS : Effect of mild infectious illness on nitrogen metabolism in patients on a modified fast. Am J Clin Nutr 28:1044–1051,1975.

Bistrian BR , Winterer JC , Blackburn GL et al: Failure of yellow fever immunization to produce a catabolic response in individuals fully adapted to a protein-sparing modified fast. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1518–1522, 1977.

Miller JDB , Bistrian BR , Blackburn GL et al: Failure of postoperative infection to increase nitrogen excretion in patients maintained on peripheral amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1523–1527, 1977.

Fiser RH , Denniston JC , Beisel WR : Endotoxemia in the rhesus monkey: alterations in host lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Pediatr Res 8:13–17, 1974.

Lees RS , Fiser RH Jr , Beisel WR et al: Effects of an experimental viral infection on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Metabolism 21:825–833, 1972.

von Brand T , Mercado TI : Quantitative and histochemical studies on liver lipids of rats infected with Plasmodium berghei. Am J Hyg 67:311–320,1958.

Hirsch RL , MacKay DG , Travels RI et al: Hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and bromsulfophthalein retention in rabbits injected intravenously with bacterial endotoxins. J Lipid Res 5:563–568, 1964.

Gallin JI , Kaye D , O'Leary WM : Serum lipids in infection. New Engl J Med 281:1081–1086,1969.

Smith IM , Mukherjee KL : Liver metabolism and energy production in Staphylococcus aureus septic shock in mice. IN The Fundamental Mechanisms of Shock, Hinshaw LB , Cox BG (eds), New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1972., pp 253–265.

Mukherjee KL , Bhattacharyya AK , Smith RM et al: Changes in the lipid metabolism of mice with lethal Staphylococcus aureus septic shock. Can J Surg 16:45–51,1973.

Kaufmann RL , Matson CF , Rowberg AH et al: Defective lipid disposal mechanisms during bacterial infection in rhesus monkeys. Metabolism 25:615–624, 1976.

Blackburn GL : Lipid metabolism in infection. Am J Clin Nutr 30: 1321–1332, 1977.

McGarry JD , Mannaerts GP , Foster DW : A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. J Clin Invest 60:265–270,1977.

Pace JA , Beall FA , Foulke MD et al: Regulation of fatty acid utilization in isolated perfused livers from Streptococcus pneumoniae infected rats. Clin Res 26:627A, 1978.

Cryer PE , Herman CM , Sode J , et al: Immunochemical and physiologic insulin lack during lethal E. coli septicemia in the subhuman primate. IN The Fundamental Mechanisms of Shock, Hinshaw LB , Cox BG (eds), New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1972., pp 163–164.

Smith 1M , Kennedy LR , Regné-Karlsson MH et al: Adrenergic mechanisms in infection. III. α- and β-receptor blocking agents in treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1285–1288, 1977.

Keusch GT : The consequences of fever. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1211–1214, 1977.

Murray MJ , Murray AB : Anorexia as a mechanism of host defense. Clin Res 25:619A, 1977.