Metabolism of Amino Acids After Trauma

1. Henriques V , Anderson AC : Uber parenterale ernahrung durch intravenöus injektion. Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 88:357–369, 1913.

2. Elman R : Time factor in retention of nitrogen after intravenous injection of mixtures of amino acids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 40:484, 1939.

3. Gamble JL : Physiological information gained from studies on the Life-Raft ration. Harvey Lect 42:247–273, 1947.

4. Johnston AOB , Clark RG : Intravenous caloric requirements. Brit J Surg 59:897, 1972.

5. Moore FD : Metabolic Care of the Surgical Patient. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1959.

6. Blackburn GL , Flatt JP , Clowes GHA, et al : Peripheral intravenous feeding with isotonic amino acid solutions. Am J Surg 125:447–454, 1973.

7. Blackburn GL , Flatt JP , Clowes GHA, et al : Protein sparing therapy during periods of starvation with sepsis on trauma. Ann Surg 177: 588–594, 1973.

8. Leading Article : Beneficial ketosis. Lancet 2:366, 1973.

9. Leading Article : Postoperative feeding and metabolism. Lancet 2: 263–264, 1975.

10. Sherwin RS , Hendler RG , Felig P : Effect of ketone infusions on amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. J Clin Invest 55:1382–1390, 1975.

11. Smith R , Fuller DK , Wedge JH, et al : Initial effect of injury on ketone bodies and other blood metabolites. Lancet 1:1–7, 1975.

12. Tweedle DEF , Spivey J , Johnston IDA : Choice of intravenous amino acid solutions for use after surgical operation. Metabolism 22:173–178, 1973.

13. Tweedle DEF , Brennan MF , Fitzpatrick G, et al : Protein conservation with peripheral isotonic amino acid solutions. Surg Forum 26:32–35, 1975.

14. Wolfe BM , Culebrus JM , Tweedle DEF, et al : The effect of glucose on the nitrogen sparing effect of intravenous amino acids. Surg Forum 27:39–41, 1976.

15. Tweedle DEF , Fitzpatrick GF , Brennan MF, et al : Intravenous amino-acids as the sole nutritional substrate. Ann Surg 186:60–73, 1977.

16. Craig RP , Davidson HA , Tweedle DEF, et al : Intravenous glucose, amino acids and fat in the postoperative period. Lancet 2:8–11, 1977.

17. Benedict FG : A Study of Prolonged Fasting. Washington, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1915.

18. Owen OE , Morgan AP , Kemp HG, et al : Brain metabolism during fasting. J Clin Invest 46:1589–1595, 1967.

19. Freeman JB Stegink LD , Fry LK, et al : Evaluation of amino acid infusion as protein sparing agents in normal adult subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 28:477–481, 1975.

20. Marliss EB , Nakhooda AF : Ketosis and protein sparing in man. Clin Res 22:751, 1974.

21. Apfelbaum M , Bostarron J , Brigant L : La Diminution de la consommation basal d'oxygene sous l'effect d'une restriction calorique ches des subjets en bilan d'azote equilibre. Rev Fran Etudes Clin Biol 14:361–372, 1969.

22. Heller L : Clinical and experimental studies on complete parenteral nutrition. Scand J Gastroenterol 4(Suppl 3):7–16, 1969.

23. Freeman J , Stegink L , Meyer P, et al : Metabolic effects of amino acid vs Dextrose infusion in surgical patients. Arch Surg 110:916–921, 1975.

24. Hoover H , Grant J , Gorschboth C, et al : Nitrogen-sparing intravenous fluids in postoperative patients. N Engl J Med 293:172–175, 1975.

25. Schulte W , Condon R , Kraus M : Positive nitrogen balance using isotonic crystalline amino acid solution. Arch Surg 110:914–915, 1975.

26. Greenberg G , Marliss E , Anderson G, et al : Protein-sparing therapy in post-op patients. N Engl J Med 294:1411–1416, 1976.

27. Howard L , Dobbs A , Chodos R, et al : A comparison of administering protein alone and protein plus glucose or nitrogen balance. J Clin Nutr 29:463, 1976.

28. Foster KJ , Alberti KGMM , Karran SJ : The protein sparing effect of isotonic amino acids: metabolic considerations. IN Advances in Parenteral Nutrition, chap 9, Johnston IDA (ed), Lancaster, MTP Press, 1977.

29. Rowlands BJ , Clark RG : Post-operative amino acids infusions: an appraisal. Br J Surg 65:385–389, 1978.

30. Lohlein D, Topok M: Ergebnisse der parenteralen ernahrung mit quantativ underschiedlichen regimen. In press, 1979

31. Peitsch W , Grunert N : High caloric parenteral nutrition in intensive care medicine. Glucose, carbohydrate mixture or amino-acids? EURSBM 11(Suppl 2): 1–147, 1979.

32. Kety SS : Metabolism of the Nervous System, Richter D (ed), London, Pergamon, 1957, pp 221–237.

33. Sokoloff L : Handbook of Physiology: Neurophysiology, vol. 3, Field J , Magoun HW , Hall VE (eds), Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1960, pp 1843–1864

34. Gottstein U , Held K , Muller W, et al : Research on the Cerebral Circulation, Fifth International Salzburg Conference, Meyer JS, Reivich M , Lechner H (eds), Springfield, III, Charles C Thomas, 1970.

35. Krebs HA , Williamson DH , Bates MW, et al : The role of ketone bodies in caloric homeostasis. Adv Enzyme Regul 9:387–409, 1971.

36. Persson B , Settergren G , Dahlquist G : Cerebral arterio-venous difference of acetoacetate and D-β hydrooxybutyrate in children. Acta Paediat Scand 61:273–278, 1972.

37. Sokoloff L : Metabolism of ketone bodies by the brain. Annu Rev Med 24:271–280, 1973.

38. Heath DF: Personal communication, 1976

39. Cahill GF Jr , Herrera MG , Morgan AP, et al : Hormone-fuel interrelationships during fasting. J Clin Invest 45:1751–1769, 1966.

40. Krebs HA : The metabolic fate of amino acids. IN Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Munro HN , Allison JB (eds), New York, Academic Press, 1964.

41. Cahill GF Jr : The physiology of insulin in man. Diabetes 20:785–799, 1971.

42. Hinton P , Allison S , Littlejohn S, et al : Insulin and glucose to reduce catabolic response to injury in burned patients. Lancet 1: 767–769, 1971.

43. Bistrian BR , Blackburn GL : Role of nutrition in cellular immunity in hospitalised patients. Fed Proc 33:691, 1974.

44. Law DK , Dudrick SJ , Abdou NI : Immunocompetence of patients with protein calorie malnutrition. Ann Int Med 79:545–550, 1973.

45. Dionigi R , Gnes F , Dominioni L, et al : Delayed hypersensitivity response and infections in surgical cancer patients. EURSBM 11(Suppl 2):90, 1979.

46. Young GA, Collins JP, Hill GL: Plasma protein in patients receiving intravenous amino acids or intravenous hyperalimentation after major surgery. In press, 1979.