Total Parenteral Nutrition In Miniature Swine: Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

1. Bustad LK , Mc Clellan RO (eds): Swine in Biomedical Research. Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1966.

2. Ghadimi H (ed): Total Parenteral Nutrition–Premises and Promises. New York, Wiley Publishers, 1975.

3. Dudrick SJ , Wilmore DW , Vars HM et al: Long-term total parenteral nutrition with growth, development and positive nitrogen balance. Surgery 64:134–142, 1968.

4. Dudrick SJ , Steiger E , Wilmore DW et al: Continuous long-term intravenous infusion in unrestrained animals. Lab Anim Care 20:521–529, 1970.

5. Steiger E , Vars HM , Dudrick SJ : A technique for long-term intravenous feeding in unrestrained rats. Arch Surg 104:330–332, 1972.

6. Wixom RL , Sheng YB , Anderson HL et al: Some nutrient interrelations during total intravenous alimentation in adult man–a review. Lipids 11:299–306, 1976.

7. Wixom RL , Anderson HL , Terry BE et al: Total parenteral nutrition with selective histidine depletion in man. I. Responses in nitrogen metabolism and related areas. Am J Clin Nutr 30:887–899, 1977.

8. Terry BE , Yamanaka WK , Anderson HL et al: Total parenteral nutrition with selective histidine depletion in man. II. Hematological, lipid, and hormonal responses. Am J Clin Nutr 30:900–909, 1977.

9. Collins FD , Sinclair AJ , Royle JP et al: Plasma lipids in human linoleic acid deficiency. Nutr Metab 13:150–167, 1971.

10. Paulsrud JR , Pensler L , Whitten CF et al: Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants infused by fat-free intravenous feeding. Am J Clin Nutr 25:897–904, 1972.

11. Caldwell MD , Jonsson HT , Othersen HB Jr : Essential fatty acid deficiency in an infant receiving prolonged parenteral alimentation. J Pediatr 81:894–898, 1972.

12. Söderhjelm L , Wiese HF , Holman RT : The role of polyunsaturated acids in human nutrition and metabolism. Prog Chem Fats Other Lipids 9:555–585, 1970.

13. Holman RT : Biological activities of and requirements for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Chem Fats Other Lipids 9:607–682, 1970.

14. Meng HC , Wilmore DW (eds): Fat Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition. Chicago, American Medical Assoc, 1976.

15. Wood R , Falch J : Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells. IV Effectsof serum and lipid upon cellular and media neutral lipids. Lipids 9:979–986, 1974.

16. Gerhardt KO , Gehrke CW : Rapid microdetermination of fatty-acids in biological materials by gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 143:335–344, 1977.

17. Tumbleson ME , Hutcheson DP , Middleton CC : Serum protein concentrations and enzyme activities, as functions of age and sex, in Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine. Growth 40:53–68, 1976.

18. Tumbleson ME , Hicklin KW , Burks MF : Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and total bilirubin concentrations, as functions of age and sex. in Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine. Growth 40:293–300, 1976.

19. Vergroesen AJ : Physiological effects of dietary linoleic acid. Nutr Rev 35:1–5, 1977.

20. Witz WM , Beeson WM : The physiological effects of a fat-deficient diet on the pig. J Anim Sci 10:112–128, 1951.

21. Hill EG , Warmanen EL , Hayes H et al: Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency in young swine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:274–278, 1957.

22. Hill EG , Warmanen EL , Silbernick CL et al: Essential fatty acid nutrition in swine 1. Linoleate requirement estimated from triene:tetraene ratio of the tissue lipid. J Nutr 74:335–341, 1961.

23. Leat WMF : Studies on pig diets containing different amounts of linoleic acid. Br J Nutr 16:559–569, 1962.

24. Leat WMF : Fatty acid composition of the serum lipids of pigs given different amounts of linoleic acid. Biochem J 89:44–51, 1963.

25. Kass ML. Pond WG, Walder EF Jr : Significance of the synthesis of essential fatty acids in swine. J Anim Sci 41:804–808, 1975.

26. National Academy of Sciences –National Research Council, Subcommittee on Swine Nutrition, Nutrient Requirements of Swine, ed 7. Washington DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1973, pp 3, 33, 48.

27. Wilmore DW , Daly JM , Dudrick SJ et al: Gastric secretion after parenteral fluid administration. Arch Surg 102:509–511, 1971.

28. Johnson LR , Copeland EM , Dudrick SJ et al: Structural and hormonal alterations in gastrointestinal tract of parenterally fed rats. Gastroenterology 68:1177–1183, 1975.

29. Lavau M , Bazin R , Herzog J : Comparative effects of oral and parenteral feeding on pancreatic enzymes in the rat. J Nutr 104:1432–1437, 1974.

30. Castro GA , Copeland EM , Dudrick SJ et al: Intestinal disaccharidase and peroxidase activities in parenterally nourished rats. J Nutr 105:776–781, 1975.