Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the North American Surgical Nutrition Summit

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Neel DR McClave S Martindale R . Hypoalbuminaemia in the perioperative period: clinical significance and management options. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2011;25(3):395-400.

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Braga M Gianotti L Vignali A Carlo VD . Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer. Surgery. 2002;132(5):805-814.

Drover JW Dhaliwal R Weitzel L Wischmeyer PE Ochoa JB Heyland DK . Perioperative use of arginine-supplemented diets: a systematic review of the evidence. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;212(3):385-399.

Xu J Zhong Y Jing D Wu Z . Preoperative enteral immunonutrition improves postoperative outcome in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. World J Surg. 2006;30(7):1284-1289.

Senkal M Zumtobel V Bauer KH . Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg. 1999;134(12):1309-1316.

Tepaske R Velthuis H Oudemans-van Straaten HM . Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358(9283):696-701.

Tepaske R te Velthuis H Oudemans-van Straaten HM . Glycine does not add to the beneficial effects of perioperative oral immune-enhancing nutrition supplements in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(3):173-180.

Braga M Gianotti L Cestari A . Gut function and immune and inflammatory responses in patients perioperatively fed with supplemented enteral formulas. Arch Surg. 1996;131(12):1257-1264.

Gianotti L Braga M Fortis C . A prospective, randomized clinical trial on perioperative feeding with an arginine–omega-3 fatty acid–, and RNA-enriched enteral diet: effect on host response and nutritional status. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999;23(6):314-320.

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Yuill KA Richardson RA Davidson HI Garden OJ Parks RW . The administration of an oral carbohydrate-containing fluid prior to major elective upper-gastrointestinal surgery preserves skeletal muscle mass postoperatively—a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(1):32-37.

Schricker T Meterissian S Wykes L Eberhart L Lattermann R Carli F . Postoperative protein sparing with epidural analgesia and hypocaloric dextrose. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):916-921.

Faria MS de Aguilar-Nascimento JE Pimenta OS Alvarenga LC Dock-Nascimento DB Slhessarenko N . Preoperative fasting of 2 hours minimizes insulin resistance and organic response to trauma after video-cholecystectomy: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. World J Surg. 2009;33(6):1158-1164.

Soop M Nygren J Myrenfors P Thorell A Ljungqvist O . Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;280(4):E576-E583.

Noblett SE Watson DS Huong H Davison B Hainsworth PJ Horgan AF . Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8(7):563-569.

Järvelä K Maaranen P Sisto T . Pre-operative oral carbohydrate treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(6):793-797.

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Jeffery KM Harkins B Cresci GA Martindale RG . The clear liquid diet is no longer a necessity in the routine postoperative management of surgical patients. Am Surg. 1996;62(3):167-170.

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Brandstrup B Tønnesen H Beier-Holgersen R ; Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2003;238(5):641-648.

Lobo DN Bostock KA Neal KR Perkins AC Rowlands BJ Allison SP . Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1812-1818.

Collier B Guillamondegui O Cotton B . Feeding the open abdomen. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(5):410-415.

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Caddell KA Martindale R McClave SA Miller K . Can the intestinal dysmotility of critical illness be differentiated from postoperative ileus? Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2011;13(4):358-367.

Dissanaike S Pham T Shalhub S . Effect of immediate enteral feeding on trauma patients with an open abdomen: protection from nosocomial infections. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;207(5):690-697.

Hempel S Newberry SJ Maher AR . Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1959-1969.

Kim H Stotts NA Froelicher ES Engler MM Porter C . Why patients in critical care do not receive adequate enteral nutrition? A review of the literature. J Crit Care. 2012;27(6):702-713.

Davis MC Ziewacz JE Sullivan SE El-Sayed AM . Preoperative hyperglycemia and complication risk following neurosurgical intervention: a study of 918 consecutive cases. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:49. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.96071.

Ziedalski TM Ruoss SJ . Smoking cessation: techniques and potential benefits. Thorac Surg Clin. 2005;15(2):189-194.

Cahill NE Dhaliwal R Day AG Jiang X Heyland DK . Nutrition therapy in the critical care setting: what is “best achievable” practice? An international multicenter observational study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2): 395-401.

Braga M Ljungqvist O Soeters P Fearon K Weimann A Bozzetti F ; ESPEN. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: surgery. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):378-386.

White JV Guenter P Jensen G Malone A Schofield M ; Academy Malnutrition Work Group; A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Task Force; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(3):275-283.