Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit: Year in Review 2008–2009

McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:277 -316.

Anderegg BA, Worrall C, Barbour E, Simpson KN, DeLegge MH. Comparison of resting energy expenditure prediction methods with measured resting energy expenditure in obese hospitalized adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2009 ;33(2):168 -175.

Frankenfield DC, Coleman A, Alam S, Cooney RN. Analysis of estimation methods for resting metabolic rate in critically ill adults.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr .2009 ;33:27 -36.

Faisy C, Lerolle N, Dachraoui F, et al. Impact of energy deficit calculated by a predictive method on outcome in medical patients requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. Br J Nutr.2008 : 1-9.

Savard JF, Faisy C, Lerolle N, Guerot E, Diehl JL, Fagon JY. Validation of a predictive method for an accurate assessment of resting energy expenditure in medical mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1175 -1183.

Uehara M, Plank LD, Hill GL. Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: a basis for clinical care.Crit Care Med . 1999;27:1295 -1302.

Reid CL. Poor agreement between continuous measurements of energy expenditure and routinely used prediction equations in intensive care unit patients. Clin Nutr.2007 ;26:649 -657.

van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med.2001 ;345:1359 -1367.

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med.2006 ;354:449 -461.

Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study.Intensive Care Med .2008 ;358(2):125 -139.

Devos P, Preiser JC, Melot C, on behalf of the Glucontrol Steering Committee. Impact of tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy on ICU mortality and the rate of hypoglycaemia: final results of the Glucontrol study (abstract). Intensive Care Med.2007 ;33:S189 .

Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med.2008 ;358:125 -139.

Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive vs conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med.2009 ;360:1283 -1297.

Bagshaw SM, Egi M, George C, Bellomo R. Early blood glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients in Australia. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:463 -470.

Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ.2009 ;180:821 -827.

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med.2008 ;36:296 -327.

Martindale RG, McClave SA, Vanek VW, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Executive Summary. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1757 -1761.

Dickerson RN, Swiggart CE, Morgan LM, et al. Safety and efficacy of a graduated intravenous insulin infusion protocol in critically ill trauma patients receiving specialized nutritional support. Nutrition.2008 ;24:536 -545.

Dossett LA, Collier B, Donahue R, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in practice: can we do it? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2009 ;33:14 -20.

DuBose JJ, Nomoto S, Higa L, et al. Nursing involvement improves compliance with tight blood glucose control in the trauma ICU: a prospective observational study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs.2009 ;25:101 -107.

Dortch MJ, Mowery NT, Ozdas A, et al. A computerized insulin infusion titration protocol improves glucose control with less hypoglycemia compared with a manual titration protocol in a trauma intensive care unit.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr .2008 ;32:18 -27.

Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Jacka MJ, Egi M, Hart GK, George C. The impact of early hypoglycemia and blood glucose variability on outcome in critical illness. Crit Care.2009 ;13:R91 .

Bankhead R, Boullata J, Brantley S, et al. Enteral nutrition practice recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2009 ;33:122 -167.

Gatt M, MacFie J. Bedside postpyloric feeding tube placement: a pilot series to validate this novel technique. Crit Care Med.2009 ;37:523 -527.

de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Kudsk KA. Clinical costs of feeding tube placement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2007 ;31:269 -273.

Sorokin R, Gottlieb JE. Enhancing patient safety during feeding-tube insertion: a review of more than 2,000 insertions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:440 -445.

Munera-Seeley V, Ochoa JB, Brown N, et al. Use of a colorimetric carbon dioxide sensor for nasoenteric feeding tube placement in critical care patients compared with clinical methods and radiography. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(3):318 -321.

October TW, Hardart GE. Successful placement of postpyloric enteral tubes using electromagnetic guidance in critically ill children.Pediatr Crit Care Med .2009 ;10:196 -200.

Gunn SR, Early BJ, Zenati MS, Ochoa JB. Use of a nasal bridle prevents accidental nasoenteral feeding tube removal. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2009 ;33(1):50 -54.

Seder CW, Janczyk R. The routine bridling of nasojejunal tubes is a safe and effective method of reducing dislodgement in the intensive care unit.Nutr Clin Pract . 2008;23:651 -654.

Hsu CW, Sun SF, Lin SL, et al. Duodenal vs gastric feeding in medical intensive care unit patients: a prospective, randomized, clinical study. Crit Care Med.2009 ;37:1866 -1872.

McClave SA, Sexton LK, Spain DA, et al. Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: factors impeding adequate delivery. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1252 -1256.

Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE. Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings.Am J Crit Care . 2008;17:512 -519.

McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA, et al. Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients.Crit Care Med . 2005;33:324 -330.

Desachy A, Clavel M, Vuagnat A, Normand S, Gissot V, Francois B. Initial efficacy and tolerability of early enteral nutrition with immediate or gradual introduction in intubated patients. Intensive Care Med.2008 ;34:1054 -1059.

Chang WK, McClave SA, Hsieh CB, Chao YC. Gastric residual volume (GRV) and gastric contents measurement by refractometry. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:63 -68.

Chang WK, McClave SA, Chao YC. Continuous nasogastric tube feeding: monitoring by combined use of refractometry and traditional gastric residual volumes. Clin Nutr.2004 ;23:105 -112.

Chang WK, McClave SA, Lee MS, Chao YC. Monitoring bolus nasogastric tube feeding by the Brix value determination and residual volume measurement of gastric contents. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2004 ;28:105 -112.

MacLaren R, Kiser TH, Fish DN, Wischmeyer PE. Erythromycin vs metoclopramide for facilitating gastric emptying and tolerance to intragastric nutrition in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:412 -419.

Nguyen NQ, Chapman MJ, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK, Holloway RH. Erythromycin is more effective than metoclopramide in the treatment of feed intolerance in critical illness. Crit Care Med.2007 ;35:483 -489.

Nguyen NQ, Chapman M, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK, Burgstad C, Holloway RH. Prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance in critical illness: one drug or two? Crit Care Med.2007 ;35:2561 -2567.

Reddymasu SC, McCallum RW. Pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis.Expert Opin Pharmacother .2009 ;10:469 -484.

Nguyen NQ, Fraser RJ, Chapman MJ, et al. Feed intolerance in critical illness is associated with increased basal and nutrient-stimulated plasma cholecystokinin concentrations. Crit Care Med.2007 ;35:82 -88.

Rhoney DH, Parker D Jr, Formea CM, Yap C, Coplin WM. Tolerability of bolus vs continuous gastric feeding in brain-injured patients.Neurol Res . 2002;24:613 -620.

Senkal M, Geier B, Hannemann M, et al. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in parenteral nutrition beneficially alters phospholipid fatty acid pattern. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2007 ;31:12 -17.

Suchner U, Katz DP, Furst P, et al. Effects of intravenous fat emulsions on lung function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis. Crit Care Med.2001 ;29:1569 -1574.

Zurier RB. Fatty acids, inflammation and immune responses.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids .1993 ;48:57 -62.

Gura KM, Lee S, Valim C, et al. Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatrics.2008 ;121:e678 -686.

Friesecke S, Lotze C, Kohler J, Heinrich A, Felix SB, Abel P. Fish oil supplementation in the parenteral nutrition of critically ill medical patients: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med.2008 ;34:1411 -1420.

Wichmann MW, Thul P, Czarnetzki HD, Morlion BJ, Kemen M, Jauch KW. Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion (Lipoplus, MLF541): data from a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med.2007 ;35:700 -706.

Wang X, Li W, Li N, Li J. Omega-3 fatty acids-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases hyperinflammatory response and attenuates systemic disease sequelae in severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized and controlled study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2008 ;32:236 -241.

Beale RJ, Sherry T, Lei K, et al. Early enteral supplementation with key pharmaconutrients improves Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in critically ill patients with sepsis: outcome of a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Crit Care Med.2008 ;36:131 -144.

Soguel L, Chiolero RL, Ruffieux C, Berger MM. Monitoring the clinical introduction of a glutamine and antioxidant solution in critically ill trauma and burn patients. Nutrition.2008 ;24:1123 -1132.

Berger MM, Soguel L, Shenkin A, et al. Influence of early antioxidant supplements on clinical evolution and organ function in critically ill cardiac surgery, major trauma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.Crit Care . 2008;12:R101 .

Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med.1999 ;27:1409 -1420.

Pontes-Arruda A, Aragao AM, Albuquerque JD. Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.Crit Care Med . 2006;34:2325 -2333.

Singer P, Theilla M, Fisher H, Gibstein L, Grozovski E, Cohen J. Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury.Crit Care Med . 2006;34:1033 -1038.

Pontes-Arruda A, Demichele S, Seth A, Singer P. The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis of outcome data. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:596 -605.

Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Immunonutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:1980 -1990.

Estivariz CF, Griffith DP, Luo M, et al. Efficacy of parenteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine dipeptide to decrease hospital infections in critically ill surgical patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:389 -402.

Peng ZY, Hamiel CR, Banerjee A, Wischmeyer PE, Friese RS, Wischmeyer P. Glutamine attenuation of cell death and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression following inflammatory cytokine-induced injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1 expression. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:400 -406.

Peng ZY, Serkova NJ, Kominsky DJ, Brown JL, Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine-mediated attenuation of cellular metabolic dysfunction and cell death after injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1 expression. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:373 -378.

Singleton KD, Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine induces heat shock protein expression via O-glycosylation and phosphorylation of HSF-1 and Sp1.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr .2008 ;32:371 -376.

Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine: the first clinically relevant pharmacological regulator of heat shock protein expression? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9:201 -206.

Luo M, Bazargan N, Griffith DP, et al. Metabolic effects of enteral vs parenteral alanyl-glutamine dipeptide administration in critically ill patients receiving enteral feeding: a pilot study. Clin Nutr.2008 ;27:297 -306.

Fuentes-Orozco C, Cervantes-Guevara G, Mucino-Hernandez I, et al. L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition decreases infectious morbidity rate in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:403 -411.

Schulman AS, Willcutts KF, Claridge JA, et al. Does the addition of glutamine to enteral feeds affect patient mortality? Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2501 -2506.

Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell AD, et al. Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:2022 -2029.

De Bandt JP, Cynober L. Therapeutic use of branched-chain amino acids in burn, trauma, and sepsis. J Nutr.2006 ;136(1 suppl):308S -313S.

Kuhls DA, Rathmacher JA, Musngi MD, et al. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma.2007 ;62:125 -131.

Baier S, Johannsen D, Abumrad N, Rathmacher JA, Nissen S, Flakoll P. Year-long changes in protein metabolism in elderly men and women supplemented with a nutrition cocktail of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), L-arginine, and L-lysine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2009 ;33:71 -82.

Evans P, Halliwell B. Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status.Br J Nutr .2001 ;85(suppl 2):S67 -74.

Heyland DK, Jones N, Cvijanovich NZ, Wong H. Zinc supplementation in critically ill patients: a key pharmaconutrient? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:509 -519.

Shanley TP, Cvijanovich N, Lin R, et al. Genome-level longitudinal expression of signaling pathways and gene networks in pediatric septic shock.Mol Med . 2007;13:495 -508.

Wong HR, Shanley TP, Sakthivel B, et al. Genome-level expression profiles in pediatric septic shock indicate a role for altered zinc homeostasis in poor outcome. Physiol Genomics.2007 ;30:146 -155.

Collier BR, Giladi A, Dossett LA, Dyer L, Fleming SB, Cotton BA. Impact of high-dose antioxidants on outcomes in acutely injured patients.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr .2008 ;32:384 -388.

Forceville X, Laviolle B, Annane D, et al. Effects of high doses of selenium, as sodium selenite, in septic shock: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, phase II study. Crit Care.2007 ;11:R73 .

Angstwurm MW, Engelmann L, Zimmermann T, et al. Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. Crit Care Med.2007 ;35:118 -126.

Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, et al. REducing Deaths due to OXidative Stress (The REDOXS Study): Rationale and study design for a randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically-ill patients. Proc Nutr Soc.2006 ;65:250 -263.

Shi HN, Walker A. Bacterial colonization and the development of intestinal defences. Can J Gastroenterol.2004 ;18:493 -500.

Forestier C, Guelon D, Cluytens V, Gillart T, Sirot J, De Champs C. Oral probiotic and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care.2008 ;12:R69 .

Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 232008 ;371:651 -659.

Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2003 ;27:355 -373.

Doig GS, Simpson F, Finfer S, et al. Effect of evidence-based feeding guidelines on mortality of critically ill adults: a cluster randomized controlled trial. JAMA.2008 ;300:2731 -2741.