Hulst J, Joosten K, Zimmermann L, et al. Malnutrition in critically
ill children: from admission to 6 months after discharge. Clin
Nutr2004;23:223
-32.
2.
Pollack MM, Wiley JS, Kanter R, Holbrook PR. Malnutrition in
critically ill infants and children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral
Nutr1982;6:20
-4.
3.
Mehta NM, Bechard L, Leavitt K, Duggan C. Cumulative energy
imbalance in the pediatric intensive care unit: role of targeted indirect
calorimetry. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2008;32
.
4.
Pollack MM, Ruttimann UE, Wiley JS. Nutritional depletions in
critically ill children: associations with physiologic instability and
increased quantity of care. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1985
;9:309
-13.
5.
Leite HP, Isatugo MK, Sawaki L, Fisberg M. Anthropometric
nutritional assessment of critically ill hospitalized children. Rev
Paul Med1993;111:309
-13.
6.
A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Guidelines for use of total
parenteral nutrition in the hospitalized adult patient. A.S.P.E.N. Board of
Directors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1986
;10:441
-5.
7.
A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Guidelines for use of total
parenteral nutrition in the hospitalized adult patient. A.S.P.E.N. Board of
Directors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1993
;17 (suppl):1SA
-52SA.
8.
A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task
Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and
pediatric patients [erratum in JPEN 2002;26(2):144]. JPEN J
Parenter Enteral Nutr.2002
;26(1 suppl):1SA
-138SA.
9.
Field MJ, Lohr KN, eds. Medicine Io. Committee to Advise
Public Health Service on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Institute of
Medicine. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program: National
Academy Press, Washington, DC; 1990.
10.
Seres D, Compher C, Seidner D, Byham-Gray L, Gervasio J, McClave S.
2005 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.)
Standards and Guidelines survey. Nutr Clin Pract2006
;21:529
-32.
11.
Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign
guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care
Med2004;32:858
-73.
12.
Guyatt GH, Haynes RB, Jaeschke RZ, et al. Users' Guides to the
Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the
Users' Guides to patient care. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.JAMA2000;284:1290
-6.
13.
Hulst JM, van Goudoever JB, Zimmermann LJ, et al. The effect of
cumulative energy and protein deficiency on anthropometric parameters in a
pediatric ICU population. Clin Nutr2004
;23:1381
-9.
14.
Robinson MK, Trujillo EB, Mogensen KM, Rounds J, McManus K, Jacobs
DO. Improving nutritional screening of hospitalized patients: the role of
prealbumin. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2003
;27: 389-95;
quiz 439.
15.
Measurement of visceral protein status in assessing protein and
energy malnutrition: standard of care. Prealbumin in Nutritional Care
Consensus Group. Nutrition1995
;11:169
-71.
16.
Dickson PW, Bannister D, Schreiber G. Minor burns lead to major
changes in synthesis rates of plasma proteins in the liver. J
Trauma1987;27:283
-6.
17.
Letton RW, Chwals WJ, Jamie A, Charles B. Early postoperative
alterations in infant energy use increase the risk of overfeeding.Journal of Pediatric Surgery1995
;30: 988-92;
discussion 992-3.
18.
Hulst JM, van Goudoever JB, Zimmermann LJ, Tibboel D, Joosten KF.
The role of initial monitoring of routine biochemical nutritional markers in
critically ill children. J Nutr Biochem2006
;17:57
-62.
19.
de Groof F, Joosten KF, Janssen JA, et al. Acute stress response in
children with meningococcal sepsis: important differences in the growth
hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis between nonsurvivors and survivors.J Clin Endocrinol Metab2002
;87:3118
-24.
20.
Coss-Bu JA, Jefferson LS, Walding D, David Y, Smith EO, Klish WJ.
Resting energy expenditure and nitrogen balance in critically ill pediatric
patients on mechanical ventilation. Nutrition1998
;14:649
-52.
21.
Suman OE, Mlcak RP, Chinkes DL, Herndon DN. Resting energy
expenditure in severely burned children: analysis of agreement between
indirect calorimetry and prediction equations using the Bland-Altman method.Burns2006;32:335
-42.
22.
Briassoulis G, Filippou O, Hatzi E, Papassotiriou I, Hatzis T.
Early enteral administration of immunonutrition in critically ill children:
results of a blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.Nutrition2005;21:799
-807.
23.
Goran MI, Kaskoun M, Johnson R. Determinants of resting energy
expenditure in young children. J Pediatr1994
;125:362
-7.
24.
Askanazi J, Rosenbaum SH, Hyman AI, Silverberg PA, Milic-Emili J,
Kinney JM. Respiratory changes induced by the large glucose loads of total
parenteral nutrition. JAMA1980
;243:1444
-7.
25.
Grohskopf LA, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Garrett DO, et al. A national
point-prevalence survey of pediatric intensive care unit-acquired infections
in the United States. J Pediatr2002
;140:432
-8.
26.
MacIntyre NR, Cook DJ, Ely EW, Jr., et al. Evidence-based
guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective
task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the
American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of
Critical Care Medicine. Chest2001;120
(6 suppl):375S
-95S.
27.
Alaedeen DI, Walsh MC, Chwals WJ. Total parenteral
nutrition-associated hyperglycemia correlates with prolonged mechanical
ventilation and hospital stay in septic infants. J Pediatr Surg2006
;41: 239-44;
discussion 44.
28.
de Klerk G, Hop WC, de Hoog M, Joosten KF. Serial measurements of
energy expenditure in critically ill children: useful in optimizing
nutritional therapy? Intensive Care Med2002
;28:1781
-5.
29.
White MS, Shepherd RW, McEniery JA. Energy expenditure measurements
in ventilated critically ill children: within- and between-day variability.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr1999
;23:300
-4.
30.
White MS, Shepherd RW, McEniery JA. Energy expenditure in 100
ventilated, critically ill children: improving the accuracy of predictive
equations. Crit Care Med2000
;28:2307
-12.
31.
Derumeaux-Burel H, Meyer M, Morin L, Boirie Y. Prediction of
resting energy expenditure in a large population of obese children. Am
J Clin Nutr2004;80:1544
-50.
32.
Mlcak RP, Jeschke MG, Barrow RE, Herndon DN. The influence of age
and gender on resting energy expenditure in severely burned children.Annals of Surgery2006;244:121
-30.
33.
Framson CM, LeLeiko NS, Dallal GE, Roubenoff R, Snelling LK, Dwyer
JT. Energy expenditure in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care
Med2007;8:264
-7.
34.
Vazquez Martinez JL, Martinez-Romillo PD, Diez Sebastian J, Ruza
Tarrio F. Predicted versus measured energy expenditure by continuous, online
indirect calorimetry in ventilated, critically ill children during the early
postinjury period. Pediatr Crit Care Med2004
;5:19
-27.
35.
Long CL, Kinney JM, Geiger JW. Nonsuppressability of
gluconeogenesis by glucose in septic patients. Metabolism1976
;25:193
-201.
36.
Keshen TH, Miller RG, Jahoor F, Jaksic T. Stable isotopic
quantitation of protein metabolism and energy expenditure in neonates on- and
post-extracorporeal life support. J Pediatr Surg1997
;32: 958-62;
discussion 962-3.
37.
Duffy B, Pencharz P. The effects of surgery on the nitrogen
metabolism of parenterally fed human neonates. Pediatr Res1986
;20:32
-5.
38.
Premji SS, Fenton TR, Sauve RS. Higher versus lower protein intake
in formula-fed low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev2006: CD003959.
39.
Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight
glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA2008
;300:933
-44.
40.
Faustino EV, Apkon M. Persistent hyperglycemia in critically ill
children. J Pediatr2005
;146:30
-4.
41.
Srinivasan V, Spinella PC, Drott HR, Roth CL, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni
V. Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with
intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit
Care Med2004;5:329
-36.
42.
Wintergerst KA, Buckingham B, Gandrud L, Wong BJ, Kache S, Wilson
DM. Association of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose variability with
morbidity and death in the pediatric intensive care unit.Pediatrics2006;118:173
-9.
43.
Jeevanandam M, Young DH, Schiller WR. Nutritional impact on the
energy cost of fat fuel mobilization in polytrauma victims. J
Trauma1990;30:147
-54.
44.
Coss-Bu JA, Klish WJ, Walding D, Stein F, Smith EO, Jefferson LS.
Energy metabolism, nitrogen balance, and substrate utilization in critically
ill children. Am J Clin Nutr2001
;74:664
-9.
45.
Friedman Z, Danon A, Stahlman MT, Oates JA. Rapid onset of
essential fatty acid deficiency in the newborn. Pediatrics1976
;58:640
-9.
46.
Van Aerde JE, Sauer PJ, Pencharz PB, Smith JM, Heim T, Swyer PR.
Metabolic consequences of increasing energy intake by adding lipid to
parenteral nutrition in full-term infants. Am J Clin Nutr1994
;59:659
-62.
47.
Kawagoe JY, Segre CA, Pereira CR, Cardoso MF, Silva CV, Fukushima
JT. Risk factors for nosocomial infections in critically ill newborns: a
5-year prospective cohort study. Am J Infect Control2001
;29:109
-14.
48.
de Lucas C, Moreno M, Lopez-Herce J, Ruiz F, Perez-Palencia M,
Carrillo A. Transpyloric enteral nutrition reduces the complication rate and
cost in the critically ill child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2000
;30:175
-80.
49.
Meert KL, Daphtary KM, Metheny NA. Gastric vs small-bowel feeding
in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomized
controlled trial. Chest2004
;126:872
-8.
50.
Sanchez C, Lopez-Herce J, Carrillo A, Mencia S, Vigil D. Early
transpyloric enteral nutrition in critically ill children.Nutrition2007;23:16
-22.
51.
Briassoulis G, Zavras N, Hatzis T. Malnutrition, nutritional
indices, and early enteral feeding in critically ill children.Nutrition2001;17:548
-57.
52.
Briassoulis GC, Zavras NJ, Hatzis MT. Effectiveness and safety of a
protocol for promotion of early intragastric feeding in critically ill
children. Pediatr Crit Care Med2001
;2:113
-21.
53.
Chellis MJ, Sanders SV, Webster H, Dean JM, Jackson D. Early
enteral feeding in the pediatric intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter
Enteral Nutr1996;20:71
-3.
54.
Taylor RM, Preedy VR, Baker AJ, Grimble G. Nutritional support in
critically ill children. Clin Nutr2003
;22:365
-9.
55.
Rogers EJ, Gilbertson HR, Heine RG, Henning R. Barriers to adequate
nutrition in critically ill children. Nutrition2003
;19:865
-8.
56.
Atkinson S, Sieffert E, Bihari D. A prospective, randomized,
double-blind, controlled clinical trial of enteral immunonutrition in the
critically ill. Guy's Hospital Intensive Care Group. Crit Care
Med1998;26:1164
-72.
57.
Horn D, Chaboyer W. Gastric feeding in critically ill children: a
randomized controlled trial. Am J Crit Care2003
;12:461
-8.
58.
de Oliveira Iglesias SB, Leite HP, Santana e Meneses JF, de
Carvalho WB. Enteral nutrition in critically ill children: are prescription
and delivery according to their energy requirements? Nutr Clin
Pract2007;22:233
-9.
59.
Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, Gramlich L, Dodek P. Canadian
clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated,
critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2003
;27:355
-73.
60.
Barbosa E, Moreira EA, Goes JE, Faintuch J. Pilot study with a
glutamine-supplemented enteral formula in critically ill infants. Rev
Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo1999
;54:21
-4.
61.
Mayes T, Gottschlich MM, Kagan RJ. An evaluation of the safety and
efficacy of an anti-inflammatory, pulmonary enteral formula in the treatment
of pediatric burn patients with respiratory failure. J Burn Care
Res2008;29:82
-8.
62.
Gurgueira GL, Leite HP, Taddei JA, de Carvalho WB. Outcomes in a
pediatric intensive care unit before and after the implementation of a
nutrition support team. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr2005
;29:176
-85.
63.
Lambe C, Hubert P, Jouvet P, Cosnes J, Colomb V. A nutritional
support team in the pediatric intensive care unit: changes and factors
impeding appropriate nutrition. Clin Nutr2007
;26:355
-63.
64.
Petrillo-Albarano T, Pettignano R, Asfaw M, Easley K. Use of a
feeding protocol to improve nutritional support through early, aggressive,
enteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit
Care Med2006;7:340
-4.
65.
Bindl L, Buderus S, Ramirez M, Kirchhoff P, Lentze MJ. Cisapride
reduces postoperative gastrocaecal transit time after cardiac surgery in
children. Intensive Care Med1996
;22:977
-80.