Background: Migration of lymphocytes into and through the mucosal
immune system depends upon adhesion molecules to attract circulating cells and
chemokines to stimulate diapedesis into tissues. Decreased enteral stimulation
significantly reduces mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1
(MAdCAM-1) levels, an adhesion molecule critical for homing of T and B cells
to Peyer's patches (PP), which reduces PP and intestinal T and B cells. We
studied the effect of type and route of nutrition on tissue specific
chemokines in PP (CXCL-12, -13 and CCL-19, -20 and -21), small intestine (SI;
CCL-20, -25 and -28) and lung (CXCL-12, CCL-28). Methods:
Intravenously cannulated male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were
randomized to chow or parenteral nutrition (PN) for 5 days. PP, SI, and lung
chemokine mRNA levels were measured using real-time qRT–polymerase chain
reaction, and analyzed semiquantitatively by the ΔΔCt method.
Protein levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
techniques, and groups compared using Student's t-test.
Results: PP CXCL13 protein significantly decreased, whereas CCL21
protein increased significantly in the parenterally fed group. Parenteral
feeding significantly decreased SI CCL20 and CCL 25 protein levels. CCL28
decreased significantly in the SI and lung of intravenously fed animals. mRNA
levels changed in the opposite direction (compared with protein) for all
chemokines except CCL28. Conclusions: Decreased enteral stimulation
significantly alters key mucosal immune chemokine protein levels at multiple
sites. In general, PN (and concomitant lack of enteral stimulation)
results in decreased levels of chemokines that control lymphocyte migration
within the mucosal immune system.
Parenteral feeding is known to down-regulate many elements of the mucosal immune system. The effect of parenteral feeding on mucosal immune chemokines has not been investigated previously. This study shows several important mucosal immune chemokines are negatively affected by parenteral feeding.
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