AdlerJoyce Sparer. War in Melville's Imagination. New York: New York UP, 1981.
2.
AudenW. H.The Enchafed Flood: The Romantic Iconography of the Sea. New York: Random, 1950.
3.
BakhtinM. M.Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: U of Texas P, 1986.
4.
BrightJohn. A History of Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1981.
5.
CampbellJoseph. The Masks of God: Creative Mythology. London: Secker and Warburg, 1968.
6.
CogginsR. J., and HoulderJ. L., eds. A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. London: SCM, 1990.
7.
DayPeggy L.An Adversary in Heaven: Satan in the Hebrew Bible. Atlanta: Scholars P, 1988.
8.
DillinghamWilliam B.Melville's Later Novels. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1986.
9.
FergusonEverett. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. New York: Garland, 1990.
10.
ForsterE. M.Aspects of the Novel. New York: Harcourt, 1929.
11.
FranklinH. Bruce. The Wake of the Gods: Melville's Mythology. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1963.
12.
FrazerJames George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. London: Macmillan, 1922.
13.
GinzbergLouis. The Legends of the Jews. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1909.
14.
HolquistMichael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World. London: Routledge, 1990.
15.
JoinesKaren Randolph. Serpent Symbolism in the Old Testament: A Linguistic, Archeological, and Literary Study. Haddonfield: Haddonfield House, 1974.
16.
LewisR. W. B.The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy, and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955.
17.
MathesonTerrence. “A New Look at Melville's Claggart.”Studies in Short Fiction17 (1980): 445–54.
18.
MatthiessenF. O.American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. New York: Oxford UP, 1941.
19.
MelvilleHerman. Billy Budd, Sailor: An Inside Narrative. Ed. HayfordHarrison and SealtsMerton M.Jr.Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1962; abbreviated BB in text.
20.
MelvilleHerman. Journals. Ed. HayfordHarrisonParkerHershelTanselleThomas G., and HorthLynn. Evanston: Northwestern UP and Newberry Library, 1989.
21.
MelvilleHerman. Mardi and a Voyage Thither. Ed. HayfordHarrisonParkerHershel, and TanselleThomas G., Evanston: Northwestern UP and Newberry Library, 1970.
22.
MelvilleHerman. The Piazza Tales and Other Prose Pieces. Ed. HayfordHarrison A. A. MacDougallEvanston: Northwestern UP and Newberry Library, 1987; abbreviated PT in text.
23.
MelvilleHerman. Pierre; or, The Ambiguities. Ed. HayfordHarrisonParkerHershel, and TanselleThomas G., Evanston: Northwestern UP and Newberry Library, 1971.
24.
MercatanteAnthony S.Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend. New York: Facts on File, 1988.
25.
de MoorJohannes C., The Rise of Yahwism: The Roots of Israelite Monotheism. Louvain: Louvain UP, 1990.
26.
MoormanCharles. “Melville's Pierre and the Fortunate Fall.”American Literature25 (1953): 13–30.
27.
MundkurBalaji. The Cult of the Serpent: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Its Manifestations and Origins. Albany: State U of New York P, 1982.
28.
OatesJoyce Carol. “Melville and the Tragedy of Nihilism.”Texas Studies in Literature and Language4 (1962): 59–83.
29.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. Trans. MelvilleA. D., Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.
30.
PagelsElaine. Adam, Eve and the Serpent. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988.
31.
RedfernW. D.“Between the Lines of Billy Budd.”Journal of American Studies17 (1983): 357–65.
32.
ReynoldsDavid S.Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York: Knopf, 1988.
33.
RoginMichael Paul. Subversive Genealogy: The Politics and Art of Herman Melville. New York: Knopf, 1983.
34.
SampsonJohn. White Lies: Melville's Narratives of Facts. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1989.
35.
SchoutenJ.The Rod and Serpent of Asklepios: Symbol of Medicine. Trans. HollanderM. E., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1967.
36.
SealtsMerton M.Jr.“Innocence and Infamy: Billy Budd, Sailor.”A Companion to Melville Studies. Ed. BryantJohn. New York: Greenwood, 1986. 407–30.
37.
SealtsMerton M.Jr.Melville's Reading. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1988.
38.
SeelyeJohn. Melville: The Ironic Diagram. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1970.
39.
StenChristopher W.“Vere's Use of the ‘Forms’: Means and Ends in Billy Budd.”American Literature47 (1975): 37–51.
40.
TimmermanJohn H.“Typology and Biblical Consistency in Billy Budd.”Notre Dame English Journal20. 2 (1983): 23–38.
41.
VargishThomas. “Gnostic Myths in Moby-Dick.”PMLA81 (1966): 272–77.
42.
de VriesAd. Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1974.
43.
WalkerBarbara G.The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets. San Francisco: Harper, 1983.
44.
WeisbergRichard H.The Failure of the Word: The Protagonist as Lawyer in Modern Fiction. New Haven: Yale UP, 1984.
45.
WeisbergRichard H.Poethics and Other Strategies of Law and Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 1992.
46.
WergeThomas. “Moby-Dick and the Calvinist Tradition.”Studies in the Novel1 (1969): 484–506.
47.
WrightNathalia. Melville's Use of the Bible. Durham: Duke UP, 1949.