Annexe A. Anatomy and Morphology of the Respiratory Tract

Bair W. J. Boecker B. B. Cottier H. Morrow P. E. Nenot J. C. Park J. F. Thomas J. M. , and Thomas R. G. (1980). Biological Effects of Inhaled Radionuclides, ICRP Publication 31 (Ed. Sowby F. D. ), Annals of the ICRP 4.

Brain J. D. Proctor D. F. , and Reid L. M. (Eds.) (1977). Respiratory Defense Mechanisms. Part 1. Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol. 5. (Ed. Lenfant, C.), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Ham A. W. , and Cormack D. H. (1979). Histology. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

ICRP (1966). Deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract. Health Phys. 12, 173–207.

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (1983). Dosimetry Aspects of Exposure to Radon and Thoron Daughter Products. Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France.

Robbins S. L. , and Cotran R. S. (1979). Pathologic Basis of Disease. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

American Cancer Society (1985). Cigarette Smoking. New York.

Ando M. Sugimoto M. Nishi R. Suga M. Horio S. Kohrogi H. Shimazu K. , and Araki S. (1984). Surface morphology and function of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers. Thorax 39, 850–856.

Andrion A. Colombo A. , and Mollo F. (1982). Lung asbestos bodies and pleural plaques at autopsy. Ric. Clin. Lab. 12, 461–468.

Bertram J. F. , and Rogers A. W. (1981). The development of squamous cell metaplasia in human bronchial epithelium by light microscopic morphometry. J. Microsc. 123, 61–73.

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Brain J. D. Proctor D. F. , and Reid L. M. (1977). Respiratory Defense Mechanisms (in two parts). Part 1, Vol. 5 of Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Ed. Lenfant C. ). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Burri P. H. (1985). Lung development and growth. In: Handbook of Physiology (Ed. Geiger S. R. ). Section 3: The respiratory system (Ed. Fishman, A. P.). Vol. 1: Circulation and Non-Respiratory Functions, pp. 1–46 (Eds. Fishman, A. P. and Fisher, A. B.). American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Burri P. H. , and Weibel E. R. (1971). Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity. II. Effect of P_O2 on the growing lung. Adaptation of the growing rat lung to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Respir. Physiol. 11, 247–264.

Burri P. H. , and Weibel E. R. (1973). Funktionelle Aspekte der Lungenmorphologie. In: Röntgendiagnostik der Lunge. Aktuelle Probleme der Röntgendiagnostik 2. (Eds. Fuchs W. A. , and Vögeli E. ). Huber, Bern, Switzerland.

Cosio M. G. Hale K. A. , and Niewoehner D. E. (1980). Morphologic and morphometric effects of prolonged cigarette smoking on the small airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 122, 265–271.

Crapo J. D. Barry B. E. Gehr P. Bachofen M. , and Weibel E. R. (1982). Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125, 740–745.

Crouch E. , and Churg A. (1984). Ferruginous bodies and the histologic evaluation of dust exposure. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 8, 109–116.

Cuddihy R. G. Brownstein D. G. Raabe O. G. , and Kanapilly G.M. (1973). Respiratory tract deposition of inhaled polydisperse aerosols in Beagle dogs. Aerosol Sci. 4, 35–45.

Douglas A. N. Lamb D. , and Ruckley V. A. (1982). Bronchial gland dimensions in coalminers: Influence of smoking and dust exposure. Thorax 37, 760–764.

Dunill M. S. (1962). Postnatal growth of the lung. Thorax 17, 329–333.

Faller A. (1988). Der Koerper des Menschen. Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany.

Fawcett D. W. (1986). A Textbook of Histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Fielding J. E. (1985). Smoking: Health effects and control (first of two parts). New Engl. J. Med. 313, 491–498.

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Gehr P. Bachofen M. , and Weibel E. R. (1978a). The normal human lung: Ultrastructure and morphometric estimation of diffusion capacity. Respir. Physiol. 32, 121–140.

Gehr P. Hugonnaud C. Burri P. H. Bachofen H. , and Weibel E. R. (1978b). Adaptation of the growing lung to increased ̇V_O2: III. The effect of exposure to cold environment in rats. Respir. Physiol. 32, 345–353.

Gehr P. Mwangi D. K. Ammann A. Maloiy G. M. O. Taylor C. R. , and Weibel E. R. (1981a). Design of the mammalian respiratory system. V. Scaling morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity to body mass: Wild and domestic mammals. Respir. Physiol. 44, 61–86.

Gehr P. Siegwart B. , and Weibel E. R. (1981b). Allometric analysis of the morphometric pulmonary diffusing capacity in dogs. J. Morphol. 168, 5–15.

Gundersen H. J. G. (1986). Stereology of arbitrary particles. A review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones, in memory of William R. Thompson. J. Microsc. 143, 3–45.

Hale K. A. Ewing S. L. Gosnell B. A. , and Niewoehner D. E. (1984). Lung disease in long-term cigarette smokers with and without chronic air-flow obstruction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130, 716–721.

Harmsen A. G. Muggenburg B. A. Snipes M. B. , and Bice D. E. (1985). The role of macrophages in particle translocation from lungs to lymph nodes. Science 230, 1277–1280.

Hislop A. Muir D. C. F. Jacobson M. Simon G. , and Reid L. (1972). Postnatal growth and function of the pre-acinar airways. Thorax 27, 265–274.

Hogg J. C. Williams J. Richardson J. B. Macklem P. T. , and Thurlbeck W. M. (1970). Age as a factor in the distribution of lower-airway conductance and in the pathologic anatomy of obstructive lung disease. New Engl. J. Med. 282, 1283–1287.

Horsfield K. , and Cumming G. (1968). Morphology of the bronchial tree in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 24, 373–383.

Hugonnaud C. Gehr P. Weibel E. R. , and Burri P. H. (1977). Adaptation of the growing lung to increased oxygen consumption. II. Morphometric analysis. Respir. Physiol. 29, 1–10.

ICRP (1975). Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23. Annals of the ICRP.

ICRP (1979). Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30. Annals of the ICRP 2(3/4).

ICRP (1987). Lung Cancer Risk from Environmental Exposures to Radon Daughters, ICRP Publication 50. Annals of the ICRP 17(1).

Johansson A. Camner P. Jarstrand C. , and Wiernik A. (1983). Rabbit lungs after long-term exposure to low nickel dust concentration. II. Effects on morphology and function. Environ. Res. 30, 142–151.

Kucukcelebi A. Mohamed F. , and Barnhart M. I. (1983). Scanning electron microscopy of terminal airways of guinea pigs chronically inhaling diesel exhaust. Scanning Electron Microsc. 4, 1835–1850.

Lamb D. , and Lumsden A. (1982). Intra-epithelial mast cells in human airway epithelium: Evidence for smoking-induced changes in their frequency. Thorax 37, 334–342.

Last J. A. Gerriets J. E. , and Hyde D. M. (1983). Synergistic effects on rat lungs of mixtures of oxidant air pollutants (ozone or nitrogen dioxide) and respirable aerosols. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128, 539–544.

Netter F. H. (1979). The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, Vol. 7, Respiratory System. (Eds. Divertie B. B. , and Brass A. ), Ciba-Geigy, Summit, New Jersey.

Nicholson A. I. (1984). The structure-function relationships of the Australian sea lion. Thesis, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.

Park S. S. Kikkawa Y. Goldring I. P. Daly M. M. Zelefsky M. Shim C. Spierer M. , and Morita T. (1977). An animal model of cigarette smoking in beagle dogs: Correlative evaluation of effects on pulmonary function, defense, and morphology. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115, 971–979.

Phalen R. F. , and Oldham M. J. (1983). Tracheobronchial airway structure as revealed by casting techniques. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128, S1–S4.

Phalen R. F. Yeh H. C. Schum G. M. , and Raabe O. G. (1978). Application of an idealized model to morphometry of the mammalian tracheobronchial tree. Anat. Rec. 190, 167–176.

Phalen R. F. Oldham M. J. Beaucage C. B. Crocker T. T. , and Mortensen J. D. (1985). Postnatal enlargement of human tracheobronchial airways and implications for particle deposition. Anat. Rec. 212, 368–380.

Plopper C. G. , and Dungworth D. L. (1987). 4. Structure, function, cell injury and cell renewal of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium. In: Lung Carcinomas, pp. 94–128 (Ed. McDowell E. M. ). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Plopper C. G. Hyde D. M. , and Weir A. J. (1983). Centriacinar alterations in lungs of cats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust. Lab. Invest. 49, 391–399.

Plopper C. G. Weir A. St. George J.A. Tyler N. Mariassy A. Wilson D. Nishio S. Cranz D. Heidsiek J. , and Hyde D. M. (1988). Cell populations of the respiratory system: Interspecies diversity in composition, distribution and morphology. In: The Design and Interpretation of Inhalation Studies, pp. 25–40 (Ed. Mohr U. ). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Roitt T. (1984). Essential Immunology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

St. George J.A. Harkema J. R. Hyde D. M. , and Plopper C. G. (1988). Cell populations and structure-function relationships of cells in the airways. In: Toxicology of the Lung, pp. 71–102 (Eds. Gardner D. E. Crapo J. D. , and Massaro E. J. ). Raven Press, New York.

Schmidt R. F. , and Thews G. (1977). Physiologie des Menschen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Sleigh M. A. (1977). The nature and action of respiratory tract cilia. In: Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Ed. Lenfant C. ) Vol. 5: Respiratory Defense Mechanisms. Part 1. (Eds. Brain, J. D., Proctor, D. F. and Reid, L. M.), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Sorokin S. P. , and Brain J. D. (1975). Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols. Anat. Rec. 181, 581–626.

Sorokin S. P. Hoyt R. F. Jr. , and Pearsall A. D. (1983). Comparative biology of small granule cells and neuroepithelial bodies in the respiratory system. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128, S26–S31.

Sterio D. C. (1984). The unbiased estimation of number and sizes of arbitrary particles using the dissector. J. Microsc. 134, 127–136.

TGLD (Task Group on Lung Dynamics) (1966). Deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract. Health Phys. 12, 173–207.

Thurlbeck W. M. (1982a). Postnatal human lung growth. Thorax 37, 564–571.

Thurlbeck W. M. (1982b). The pathology of small airways in chronic airflow limitation. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 63(suppl. 121), 9–18.

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Weibel E. R. (1963). Morphometry of the Human Lung. Academic Press, New York.

Weibel E. R. (1979). Stereological Methods. Vol. 1: Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.

Weibel E. R. (1984a). Morphometric and stereological methods in respiratory physiology including fixation techniques. In: Techniques in the Life Sciences. Physiology, P4/I. Techniques in Respiratory Physiology Part I. (Ed. Otis A. B. ). Elsevier, New York.

Weibel E. R. (1984b). The Pathway for Oxygen. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Weibel E. R. Marques L. B. Constantinopol M. Doffey F. Gehr P. , and Taylor C. R. (1987). Adaptive variation in the mammalian respiratory system in relation to energetic demand: VI. The pulmonary gas exchanger. Respir. Physiol. 69, 81–100.

Wright J. L. Lawson L. M. Pare P. D. Wiggs B. J. Kennedy S. , and Hogg J. C. (1983). Morphology of peripheral airways in current smokers and ex-smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127, 474–477.

Yeh H. C. , and Schum G. M. (1980). Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 42, 461–480.

Zeltner T. B. Caduff J. H. Gehr P. Pfenninger J. , and Burri P. H. (1987). The postnatal development and growth of the human lung. I. Morphometry. Respir. Physiol. 67, 247–267.