Introduction to Multidimensional Scaling and Its Applications

Arnold, J.B. A multidimensional scaling study of semantic distance. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 1971, 90, 349-372.

Attneave, F. Dimensions of similarity. American Journal of Psychology , 1950, 63, 516-556.

Bloxom, B. Individual differences in multidimensional scaling (Research Bulletin 68-45) . Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1968.

Carroll, J.D. Individual differences and multidimensional scaling. In R. N. Shepard , A. K. Romney , & S. B. Nerlove (Eds.), Multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications in the behavioral sciences (Vol. 1). New York : Seminar Press, 1972.

Carroll, J.D. , & Arabie, P. Multidimensional scaling. Annual Review of Psychology , 1980, 31, 607-649.

Carroll, J.D. , & Chang, J.J. Relating preference data to multidimensional scaling via a generalization of Coombs' unfolding model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Madison WI, April 1967.

Carroll, J.D. , & Chang, J. Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an N-way generalization of "Eckart-Young" decomposition. Psychometrika , 1970, 35, 283-319.

Carroll, J.D. , & Chang, J.J. IDIOSCAL (Individual Differences In Orientation SCALing): A generalization of INDSCAL allowing idiosyncratic reference systems as well as an analytic approximation to INDSCAL. Paper presented at the annual Psychometric Society meeting, Princeton NJ, March 1972.

Coombs, C.H. A theory of data. New York: Wiley , 1964.

Coxon, A.P.M. The user's guide to multidimensional scaling. Exeter NH : Heinemann Educational Books, 1982 .

Davison, M. L. Fitting and testing Carroll's weighted unfolding model for preferences. Psychometrika , 1976, 41, 233-248.

Davison, M.L. Dacar : A FORTRAN program for fitting linear and distance models of preference . Applied Psychological Measurement, 1980 , 4, 419.

Davison, M.L. Multidimensional scaling. New York: Wiley, 1983.

de Leeuw, J. , Young, F.W. , & Takane, Y. Additive structure in qualitative data: An alternating least squares method with optimal scaling features. Psychometrika, 1976, 41, 471-503.

Eckart, C. , & Young, G. Approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank. Psychometrika , 1936, 1, 211-218.

Gower, J.C. Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika, 1966, 53, 325-338.

Guttman, L. A general nonmetric technique for finding the smallest coordinate space for a configuration of points. Psychometrika, 1968, 33, 469-504.

Horan, C.B. Multidimensional scaling: Combining observations when individuals have different perceptual structures. Psychometrika, 1969 , 34, 139-165.

Kruskal, J.B. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness-of-fit to a nonmetric hypothesis . Psychometrika, 1964, 29, 1-28, 115-129.

Kruskal, J.B. , & Carmone, F. How to use M-D-SCAL (Verson 5M) and other useful information. Unpublished manuscript, Bell Laboratories, undated.

Kruskal, J.B. , & Wish, M. Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills CA: Sage Publications, 1978.

Kruskal, J.B. , Young, F.W. , & Seery, J.B. How to use KYST, a very flexible program to do multidimensional scaling and unfolding. Unpublished manuscript, Bell Laboratories , 1973.

Lingoes, J.C. The Guttman-Lingoes nonmetric program series. Ann Arbor MI: Mathesis Press, 1973 .

Pruzansky, S. How to use SINDSCAL: A computer program for individual differences in multidimensional scaling, Unpublished manuscript, Bell Laboratories, 1975.

Ramsay, J.O. Some statistical considerations in multidimensional scaling. Psychometrika, 1969, 34, 167-181.

Ramsay, J.O. Multiscale : Four programs for multidimensional scaling by the method of maximum likelihood . Chicago: International Educational Services, 1978.

Ramsay, J.O. Some small sample results for maximum likelihood estimation in multidimensional scaling. Psychometrika, 1980, 45, 139-144.

Richardson, M.W. Multidimensional psychophysics. Psychological Bulletin, 1938, 35, 659-660.

Schiffman, S.S. , Reynolds, M.L. , & Young, F.W. Introduction to multidimensional scaling. New York : Academic Press, 1981.

Schönemann, P.H. On metric multidimensional unfolding. Psychometrika , 1970, 35, 349-366.

Shepard, R.N. The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. Psychometrika, 1962, 27, 125-140, 219-246.

Shepard, R.N. , & Carroll, J.D. , Parametric representation of nonlinear data structures. In P. R. Krishnaiah (Ed.), International symposium on multivariate analysis. New York: Academic Press, 1966.

Srinivasan, V. , & Shocker, A.D. Linear programming techniques for multidimensional analysis of preferences . Psychometrika, 1973, 38, 337-369.

Takane, Y. Multidimensional successive categories scaling: A maximum likelihood method . Psychometrika, 1981, 46, 9-28.

Takane, Y. , & Sergent, J. Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and same-different judgments . Psychometrika, 1983, 48, 393-423.

Torgerson, W.S. Multidimensional scaling: I. Theory and method. Psychometrika , 1952, 17, 401-419.

Torgerson, W. Theory and methods of scaling. New York: Wiley, 1958.

Tucker, L.R. Intra-individual and inter-individual multidimensionality. In H. Gulliksen & S. Messick (Eds.), Psychological scaling: Theory and applications . New York: Wiley, 1960.

Tucker, L.R. Relations between multidimensional scaling and three-mode factor analysis . Psychometrika, 1972, 37, 3-28.

Young, F.W. , & Lewyckyj, R. ALSCAL 4 User's Guide (2nd ed.). Chapel Hill NC: Data Analysis and Theory Associates , 1979.

Young, F.W. , & Torgerson, W.S. Torsca : A FORTRAN IV program for Shepard-Kruskal multidimensional scaling analysis. Behavioral Science, 1967, 12, 498.

Young, G. , & Householder, A.S. Discussion of a set of points in terms of their mutual distances. Psychometrika, 1938, 3, 19-22.