In this article, the history of linking is summarized, and current linking frameworks that have been proposed are considered. Key publications discussed include Flanagan (1951), Angoff (1971), Linn (1993), Mislevy (1992), and Feuer, Holland, Green, Bertenthal, and Hemphill (1999). The article further focuses on the concordance situation for linking and discusses the concept of concordance and future research that is needed.
Angoff, W. H. (1971). Scales, norms, and equivalent scores. In R. L. Thorndike (Ed.), Educational measurement (2nd ed., pp. 508-600). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
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Brennan, R. L. (2001). Generalizability theory. New York: Springer.
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Dorans, N. J. (2000). Distinctions among classes of linkages (Research Notes RN-11). New York: The College Board.
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Dorans, N. J. (2004). Equating, concordance, and expectation. Applied Psychological Measurement, 28(4), 227-246.
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Dorans, N. J., & Holland, P. W. (2000). Population invariance and the equatability of tests: Basic theory and the linear case. Journal of Educational Measurement, 37(4), 281-306.
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Feuer, M. J., Holland, P. W., Green, B. F., Bertenthal, M. W., & Hemphill, F. C. (Eds.). (1999). Uncommon measures: Equivalence and linkage among educational tests. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
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Flanagan, J. C. (1951). Units, scores, and norms. In E. F. Lindquist (Ed.), Educational measurement (pp. 695-763). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
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Kolen, M. J. (in press). Population invariance in equating: Concept and history. Journal of Educational Measurement.
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Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (in press). Test equating, scaling, and linking: Methods and practices (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
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Linn, R. L. (1993). Linking results of distinct assessments. Applied Measurement in Education, 6, 83-102.
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Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
14.
Mislevy, R. J. (1992). Linking educational assessments: Concepts, issues, methods, and prospects. Princeton, NJ: ETS Policy Information Center.
