The relationship between personality attributes and transformational leadership and the effects of transformational leadership on subordinate satisfaction and performance were examined. High scores on transformational leadership were associated with a distinct personality pattern characterized by higher levels of pragmatism, nurturance, and feminine attributes and lower levels of criticalness and aggression. This enabling pattern formed the core of transformational leadership. Although leader scores on transformational leadership correlated significantly with subordinate satisfaction, no performance effects of transformational leadership were found for six different objective measures of performance. Implications for models of transformational leadership are discussed.
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