This paper argues that the legal principle of discretion forms an excellent basis for the participation of social psychology in the criminal justice system. Social and psychological factors that enter into arrest, investigation, selective enforcement, plea- bargaining, criminal sentences, and prison operation are reviewed. The bibliography includes 15 case citations and 132 references.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, T.F.Field interrogation. Police, 1963, 7, at 28.
2.
American Friends Service Committee.Struggle for justice. New York: Hill and Wang, 1971.
3.
American Law Institute Model Penal Code. Proposed Official Draft, 1962 .
Angel, A.R., Green, E.D., Kaufman, J.R., and VanLoon, E. E. Preventive detention: an empirical analysis. Harvard Civil Rights- Civil Liberties Law Review, 1971, 6, 291-396.
Blumberg, A.S.The practice of law as a confidence game: organizational co-optation of a profession. Law and Society Review, 1967 , 1, 15-39(b).
19.
Bottrell, J.D.Behavior modification programs: Analogies from prisons to mental institutions . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, 1974.
20.
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954).
Cameron, M.O.The booster and the snitch. New York: Free Press, 1964.
23.
Casper, J.D.Did you have a lawyer when you went to court? No, I had a public defender. Yale Review ofLaw and Social Action, 1971 , 1, 4-9.
24.
Casper, J.D.Ajudication processes and defendants' attitudes. Personal communication , 1974.
25.
Chaikin, A.L. and Darley, J. M. Jr.Victim or perpetrator: Defensive attribution of responsibility and the need for order and justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 25, 268-275.
26.
Chambliss, W.J. and Seidman, R.B.Law, order, and power. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1971.
27.
Chevigny, P.Police power. New York: Vintage , 1969.
28.
Cole, G.F.The decision to prosecute. Law and Society Review , 1970, 4, 313-343.
29.
Cole, G. F. (Ed.) Criminal justice: Law and politics. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth , 1972.
30.
Comment.Discretion and the constitutionality of the new death penalty statutes. Harvard Law Review, 1974, 87, 1690-1719.
31.
Cray, E.The enemy in the streets. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
32.
Davis, K.C.Discretionary justice: A preliminary inquiry. Urbana, 111.: University of Illinois Press , 1971.
33.
Diamond, S.S.A jury experiment re-analyzed. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 1974, 7, 520-532.
34.
Donaldson v. O'Connor, 493 F. 2d. 807 (5th Cir. 1974).
35.
Drew, J.Judicial discretion and the sentencing process. Howard Law Journal, 1973, 17, 858-864.
36.
Durham v. United States, Federal Reporter, 1954, 214, 862.
37.
Efran, M.G.The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task . Journal of Research in Personality, 1974 , 8, 45-54.
38.
Ennis, B. and Seigel, L.The rights of mental patients. New York: Avon Books, 1973.
39.
Erickson, B., Holmes, J.G., Frey, R., Walker, L., and Thibaut, J.Functions of a third party in the resolution of conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974 , 30, 293-306.
40.
Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U. S. 478, 84 S. Ct. 1758, 12 L. Ed. 2d 997 (1964).
41.
Festinger, L.A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations , 1954, 7, 117-140.
42.
Fisher, G. and Silverstein, A.B.Self-actualization values of felons. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1969, 9, 66-70.
43.
Frank, J.Courts on trial. New York: Atheneum , 1963.
44.
Frankel, M.Criminal sentences: Law without order. New York : Hill and Wang, 1972.
45.
Freed, D.J. and Wald, P.M.Bail in the United States: 1964. Washington D. C.National Conference on Bail and Criminal Justice , 1964.
46.
Friedman, H.G.Some jurisprudential considerations in developing an administrative law from the criminal pre-trial process. Journal of Urban Law, 1974, 51, 433-459.
47.
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U. S. 238 (1972).
48.
Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. Public reaction to crime in the streets. In G. F. Cole (Ed.), Criminal justice: Law and politics. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth, 1972.
49.
In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1. 87 S. Ct. 1428, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1967).
50.
Gilbert, M.A. and Shaver, K.G.Seriousness of crime, race of prisoner, characteristics of interviewers, and attribution of blame for incarceration. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, 1975.
Goldman, N.The differential selection of juveniles for court appearances. National Research and Information Center, National Council on Crime and Delinquency , 1963.
53.
Goldstein, A.S.The insanity defense. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967.
54.
Goldstein, J.Police discretion not to invoke the criminal process: Low visibility decisions in the administration of justice. Yale Law Journal , 1960, 69, 543-594.
55.
Hagan, J.Extra-legal attributes and sentencing: An assessment of a sociological viewpoint . Law and Society Review, 1974, 8, 357-383.
56.
Haney, C., Banks, C., and Zimbardo, P.G.Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1973, 1, 69-97.
57.
Hoiberg, B.C. and Stires, L.K.The effect of several types of pre-trial publicity on the guilt attributions of simulated jurors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 1973, 3, 267-275.
58.
Inbau, F. and Reid, J.Criminal interrogation and confessions. Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins, 1962.
59.
Jackson, R.The federal prosecutor. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 1940, 31, at 3.
60.
Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U. S. 715 (1972).
61.
Jacob, H.Politics and criminal prosecution in New Orleans. Tulane Studies in Political Science, 1963, 8, 77-98.
62.
James, H.Courts for the common man. In G. F. Cole (Ed.) Criminal justice: Law and politics. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth, 1972.
63.
Johnston, R.G.The grand jury: Prosecutorial abuse of the indictment process. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1974, 65, 157-169.
64.
Jones, E.E. and Nisbett, R.E.The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of causes of behavior . Morristown, N. J.: General Learning Press, 1971.
65.
Kadish, M.R. and Kadish, S.H.The institutionalization of conflict: jury acquittals. Journal of Social Issues, 1971, 27, 199-217.
66.
Kalven, H. Jr. and Zeisel, H.The American jury. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.
67.
Kaplan, K.J. and Simon, R.I.Latitude and severity of sentencing options, race of the victim, and decisions of simulated jurors: Some issues arising from the "Algiers Motel" trial. Law and Society Review, 1972, 2, 87-98.
68.
Kaplan, M. and Kemmerick, G.D.Juror judgment as information integration: Combining evidential and nonevidential information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1974, 30, 493-499.
69.
Kelley, H.H.The processes of causal attribution. American Psychologist , 1973, 28, 107-128.
70.
Kiehlbauch, J.B.Selected changes over time in internal-external control expectancies in a reformatory population. Dissertation Abstracts, 1968, 29, 371-372.
71.
Kline, F.G. and Jess, P.H.Prejudicial publicity: Its effects on law school mock juries. Journalism Quarterly, 1966, 43, 113-116.
72.
Knapp, R.R.In E. L. Shostrom, Manual for Personal Orientation Inventory, San Diego, Cal.: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1966.
73.
Kressel, K., Deutsch, M., Weinglass, J., Lopez-Morillas, M.The role of third parties in divorce: An exploratory survey of therapists, clients, and lawyers. Paper presented at the meeting of theEastern Psychological Association, New York, 1975.
74.
LaFave, W.R. Arrest: The decision to take a suspect into custody. Boston : Little, Brown, 1965.
75.
Landy, D. and Aronson, E.The influence of the character of the criminal and victim on the decisions of simulated jurors. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology , 1969, 5, 141-152.
76.
Lassar, S.R., Hummel, G.W., and Robertson, M.H.The ramifications of United States v. Falk on equal protection from prosecutorial discretion. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 1974, 65, 62-74.
77.
Leifer, R.The psychiatrist and tests of criminal responsibility. American Psychologist, 1964, 19, 825-829.
78.
Levin, M.A.Urban politics and policy outcomes. In G. F. Cole (Ed.) Criminal justice: Law and politics. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth, 1972.
79.
Levine, F., and Tapp, J.L.The psychology of criminal identification: The gap from Wade to Kirby . University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1973, 121, 1079-1131.
80.
Levinson, R.B.Behavior modification programs in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association , New Orleans, 1974.
81.
Lykken, D.T.Psychology and the lie-detector industry. American Psychologist , 1974, 29, 725-739.
82.
Marquis, K.H., Marshall, J., and Oskamp, S.Testimony validity as a function of question form, atmosphere, and item difficulty . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1972 , 2, 167-186.
83.
McArthur, L.A.The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1972, 22, 171-193.
84.
McCray v. Maryland, Reported in Trotter, Patuxent: "Therapeutic" prison faces test. APA Monitor, 1975, 6, at 1.
85.
Medalie, R.J., Zeitz, L. and Alexander, P.Custodial police interrogation in our nation's capital: The attempt to implement Miranda. Michigan Law Review, 1968, 66, at 1347.
86.
Merton, R.Social theory and social structure. Glencoe, I11.: Free Press, 1957.
87.
Minton, R. J. (Ed.) Inside: Prison American style. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.
88.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
89.
Mitchell, H.F. and Byrne, D.The defendant's dilemma: Effects of jurors' attitudes and authoritarianism on judicial decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1973, 25, 123-129.
90.
M'Naghten's case. English Reporter. (House of Lords) 1843, 8, 718, 722.
91.
Moore, H., Jr. and Moore, J.B.Some reflections: On the criminal justice system, prisons, and repressions . Howard Law Journal, 1973, 833-843.
92.
Morris, N. and Hawkins,G.Attica revisited: The prospect for prison reform. Psychiatric Annals, 1974, 4, 21-42.
93.
Myers, D.G., Schreiber, F.B., and Viel, D.J.Effects of discussion on opinions concerning illegal behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 1974, 92, 77-84.
94.
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. Report on corrections. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
95.
National Commission on Causes and Prevention of Violence.Law and order reconsidered. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
96.
Nemeth, C. and Sosis, R.H.A simulated jury study: Characteristics of the defendant and the jurors . Journal of Social Psychology, 1973, 90, 221-229.
97.
Newman, D.J.Pleading guilty for considerations: A study of bargain justice. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 1956, 46, 780-790.
98.
Newman, D. J. Conviction: The determination of guilt or innocence without trial. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.
99.
New York State Special Commission on Attica.Attica: The official report. New York: Bantam, 1972.
100.
Niederhoffer, A.Behind the shield: The police in an urban society. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1967 .
101.
Nisbett, R.E., Caputo, C., Legant,P., and Maracek, J.Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973 , 27, 154-164.
Piliavin, I. and Briar, S.Police encounters with juveniles. American Journal of Sociology , 1964, 70, 216-229.
104.
Practising Law Institute.Legal rights of the mentally handicapped. Criminal Law and Urban Problems Course Handbook Series No.s 57, 58, 59. New York: Practising Law Institute, 1973.
105.
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice.The challenge of crime in a free society. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office , 1967.
106.
Quinney, R.The social reality of crime. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.
107.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. The use of physical force in police work. Report prepared for the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice . Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1966.
108.
Reiss, A.J., Jr. The public and the police. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press, 1971.
109.
Roe, A.V., Howell, R.J., and Payne, I.R.Comparison of prison inmates with and without juvenile records. Psychological Reports, 1974, 34, 1315-1319.
110.
Rokeach, M., Miller, M.G., and Snyder, J.A.The value gap between police and policed. Journal of Social Issues, 1971, 27, 155-171.
111.
Sales, B.D.The rights of offenders: The need for a psycholegal approach. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association , New Orleans, 1974.
112.
Sampson, A.Post-prison success prediction: A preliminary Florida study. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974, 12, 155-173.
113.
Schlossberg, H. and Freeman, L.Psychologist with a gun. New York: Coward, McCann, and Geohegan, 1974.
114.
Schulman, J.L., Shaver, P., Colman, R.Emrich, B., and Christie, R.Recipe for a jury. Psychology Today, 1973, 6, at 37.
115.
Schwartz, R.D. and Skolnick, J.H.Society and the legal order. New York: Basic Books, 1970.
116.
Schwitzgebel, R.K.A contractual model for the protection of the rights of institutionalized patients. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, 1974.
117.
Shaver, K.G.Defensive attribution: Effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970, 14, 101-113.
Shaw, J.I., Fischer, C.S., and Kelley, H.H.Decisionmaking by third parties in settling disputes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1973, 3, 197-218.
120.
Sigall, H. and Ostrove, N.Beautiful but dangerous: Effects of offender attractiveness and nature of the crime on juridic judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 31, 410-414.
121.
Simon, R.J.The jury and the defense on insanity. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.
122.
Skolnick, J.H. Justice without trial: Law-enforcement in a democratic society. New York : Wiley, 1966.
123.
Snyder, M. and Jones, E.E.Attitude attribution when behavior is constrained. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1974, 10, 585-600.
124.
Souder v. Brennan, 367 F. Supp. 808 (D. D. C. 1973).
125.
Stotland, E. (Chair). Symposium on crime and the citizen. Presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, 1974.
126.
Stotland, E. and Miller, M. (Eds.) Police and community. Journal of Social Issues, 1975, 31, No. 1.
127.
Strodtbeck, F.L., James, R.M. and Hawkins, C.Social status in jury deliberations. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, and E. L. Hartley (Eds.). Readings in social psychology . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1958.
128.
Sue, S., Smith, R.E. and Caldwell, C.Effects of inadmissible evidence on the decisions of simulated jurors . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1973 , 3, 345-353.
129.
Suffet, F.Bail setting: A study of courtroom interaction. Crime and Delinquency, 1966, 12, 318-331.
130.
Sullivan, D.C., Seigel, L.J., and Clear, T.The halfway house ten years later: Reappraisal of a correctional innovation . Canadian Journal of Criminology and Corrections, 1974, 16, 188-197.
131.
Sutker, P.B. and Moan, C.E.A psychosocial description of penetentiary inmates. Archives of General Psychiatry,1973, 29, 663-667.
132.
Swartzman, D., Lipton, M.D., LaDolce, D.L., and Burciaga, E.Plea-bargaining mishaps: The possibility of attacking the resultant plea of guilty. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1974, 65, 170-180.
133.
Tapp, J. L. Psychology and the law: The dilemma. Psychology Today, 1969 , 2, 17-22.
134.
Tapp, J. L. (Ed.) Socialization, the law, and society. Journal of Social Issues, 1971 , No. 2.
135.
Thibaut, J., Friedland, N., and Walker, L.Compliance with rules: Some social determinants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 30, 792-801.
136.
Trebach, A.S.The rationing of justice. New Brunswick, N. J. : Rutgers University Press, 1964 .
137.
Trotter, S.Patuxent: "Therapeutic" prison faces test. APA Monitor , 1975, 6, at 1.
138.
United States v. Falk, 479 F 2d 616 (7th Cir., 1973).
139.
Vidmar, N.Effects of decision alternatives on the verdicts and social perceptions of simulated jurors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1972, 22, 211-218.
140.
Wald, M., Ayres, R., Hess, D.W., Schantz, M., and Whitehead, C.H. Jr. Interrogations in New Haven: The impact of Miranda. Yale Law Journal, 1967, 76, at 1519.
141.
Walker, D.Violence in Chicago: The Walker report. New York : Bantam, 1968.
142.
Walster, E.Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 73-79.
143.
Westley, W.Violence and the police. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971.
144.
Wexler, D.B.Therapeutic justice. Minnesota Law Review, 1972, 57, 289-338.
145.
Wyatt v. Stickney, 325 F. Supp. 731 (M. D. Ala. 1971). Now Wyatt v. Hardin.
146.
Zeisel, H. and Diamond, S.S. "Convincing empirical evidence" on the six member jury. University of Chicago Law Review, 1974, 41, 281-295.
147.
Zimbardo, P.G.The psychology of police confessions. In Readings in Psychology Today. Del Mar, Cal.: CRM, 1970.