Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The concept of self-respect has received little attention in the psychological literature and is not clearly distinguished from self-esteem. The present research sought to empirically investigate the bases of self-respect by manipulating adherence to morals together with interpersonal appraisals (IAs), or task-related competence, in hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1a and 1b) and a situation participants relived (Studies 2 and 3). Participants’ levels of state self-respect and self-esteem were measured. Studies 1 to 3 found main effects of adherence to morals on self-respect, with self-respect mediating the effect of adherence to morals on self-esteem, but little support for competence and IAs directly influencing self-respect. Self-respect uniquely contributed to anticipated/felt self-esteem alongside competence or IAs. The pattern of results supports the conceptualization of self-respect as a component of self-esteem associated with morally principled conduct, distinct from performance and social self-esteem. The findings have implications for our understanding of self-esteem and moral behavior.

Keywords

self-respect self-esteem moral self competence interpersonal appraisals

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Asparouhov

Muthén

Morin

A. J. S.

(2015). Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling with cross-loadings and residual covariances: Comments on Stromeyer et al. Journal of Management, 41, 1561-1577. doi:10.1177/0149206315591075

Baumeister

R. F.

Campbell

J. D.

Krueger

J. I.

Vohs

K. D.

(2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431

Brown

T. A.

(2014). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Browne

M. W.

Cudeck

(1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230-258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005

Clucas

St Claire

(2017). How can respectfulness in medical professionals be increased? A complex but important question. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 14, 123-133. doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9758-5

Clucas

Wilkinson

(2017, May 5). The value of self-respect for moral and social behaviour: Development of a trait self-respect measure. Paper presented at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Brighton, UK. Available from https://www.bps.org.uk

Cohen

(1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155

Cooley

C. H.

(1956). The two major works of Charles H. Cooley: Social organization and human nature and the social order. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. (Original work published 1902)

Coopersmith

(1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.

10.

Crocker

Luhtanen

R. K.

Cooper

M. L.

Bouvrette

(2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

11.

Dahlsgaard

Peterson

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9, 209-213. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203

12.

Dillon

R. S.

(2010). Respect. In Zalta

E. N.

(Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect

13.

Eisinga

Te Grotenhuis

Pelzer

(2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58, 637-642. doi:10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3

14.

Evans

S. C.

Roberts

M. C.

Keeley

J. W.

Blossom

J. B.

Amaro

C. M.

Garcia

A. M.

. . . Reed

G. M.

(2015). Vignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making: Validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15, 160-170. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.12.001

15.

Fiske

S. T.

Cuddy

A. J. C.

Glick

(2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878

16.

Fitts

W. H.

(1964). Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.

17.

Frei

J. R.

Shaver

P. R.

(2002). Respect in close relationships: Prototype definition, self-report assessment, and initial correlates. Personal Relationships, 9, 121-139. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00008

18.

Glass

G. V.

Peckham

P. D.

Sanders

J. R.

(1972). Consequences of failure to meet assumptions underlying the fixed effects analyses of variance and covariance. Review of Educational Research, 42, 237-288. doi:10.3102/00346543042003237

19.

Gomez

McLaren

Sharp

Smith

Hearn

Turner

(2015). Evaluation of the Bifactor Structure of the Dispositional Hope Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 191-199. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.938158

20.

Hamilton

D. L.

Fallot

R. D.

(1974). Information salience as a weighting factor in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 444-448. doi:10.1037/h0037033

21.

Harman

Jones

(1966). Factor analysis by minimizing residuals (minres). Psychometrika, 31, 351-368. doi:10.1007/BF02289468

22.

Harter

(1999). The construction of the self. A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

23.

Heatherton

T. F.

Polivy

(1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895

24.

L.-T.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118

25.

Jennings

P. L.

Mitchell

M. S.

Hannah

S. T.

(2015). The moral self: A review and integration of the literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, S104-S168. doi:10.1002/job.1919

26.

Kenny

D. A.

Kaniskan

McCoach

D. B.

(2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44, 486-507. doi:10.1177/0049124114543236

27.

Kernis

M. H.

(2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1401_01

28.

Kristjansson

(2007). Measuring self-respect. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 37, 225-242. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2007.00339.x

29.

Kumashiro

Finkel

E. J.

Rusbult

C. E.

(2002). Self-respect and pro-Relationship behavior in marital relationships. Journal of Personality, 70, 1009-1050. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05030

30.

Leary

M. R.

Haupt

A. L.

Strausser

K. S.

Chokel

J. T.

(1998). Calibrating the sociometer: The relationship between interpersonal appraisals and the state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1290-1299. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1290

31.

Liu

B. S.

Ditto

P. H.

(2013). What dilemma? Moral evaluation shapes factual belief. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 316-323. doi:10.1177/1948550612456045

32.

Luchies

L. B.

Finkel

E. J.

McNulty

J. K.

Kumashiro

(2010). The doormat effect: When forgiving erodes self-respect and self-concept clarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 734-749. doi:10.1037/a0017838

33.

MacKinnon

D. P.

Fairchild

A. J.

Fritz

M. S.

(2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

34.

Marsh

H. W.

Craven

R. G.

Martin

A. J.

(2013). What is the nature of self-esteem? Unidimensional and multidimensional perspectives. In Kernis

M. H.

(Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 16-24). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

35.

Marsh

H. W.

O’Neill

(1984). Self-Description Questionnaire III: The construct validity of multidimensional self-concept ratings by late adolescents. Journal of Educational Measurement, 24, 153-174. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1984.tb00227.x

36.

McCain

J. L.

Jonason

P. K.

Foster

J. D.

Campbell

W. K.

(2015). The bifactor structure and the “dark nomological network” of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.006

37.

O’Brien

E. J.

Epstein

(1998). MSEI: The multidimensional self-esteem inventory professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

38.

Postmes

Haslam

S. A.

Jans

(2013). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 597-617. doi:10.1111/bjso.12006

39.

Prestwich

Lalljee

(2009). The determinants and consequences of intragroup respect: An examination within a sporting context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1229-1253. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00480.x

40.

Reise

S. P.

(2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667-696. doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555

41.

Renger

(2017). Believing in one’s equal rights: Self-respect as a predictor of assertiveness. Self and Identity, 17, 1-21. doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1313307

42.

Revelle

(2018). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (R package version 1.8.4). Retrieved from https://personality-project.org/r/psych-manual.pdf

43.

Robins

R. W.

Hendin

H. M.

Trzesniewski

K. H.

(2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151-161. doi:10.1177/0146167201272002

44.

Roland

C. E.

Foxx

R. M.

(2003). Self-respect: A neglected concept. Philosophical Psychology, 16, 247-288. doi:10.1080/09515080307764

45.

Rosenberg

, (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton. University Press.

46.

Rosenberg

Schooler

Schoenbach

Rosenberg

(1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American Sociological Review, 60, 141-156. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096350

47.

Rubin

Hewstone

(1998). Social identity theory’s self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 40-62. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_3

48.

Sachdeva

Iliev

Medin

D. L.

(2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20, 523-528. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02326.x

49.

Sedikides

Wildschut

Arndt

Routledge

(2006). Affect and the self. In Forgas

J. P.

(Ed.), Affect in social thinking and behavior (pp. 197-215). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

50.

Tafarodi

R. W.

Swann

W. B.

Jr. (1995). Self-linking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322-342. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6502_8

51.

Van Quaquebeke

Eckloff

. (2010). Defining respectful leadership: What it is, how it can be measured, and another glimpse at what it is related to. Journal of Business Ethics, 91, 343-358. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0087-z

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.53 MB

Understanding Self-Respect and Its Relationship to Self-Esteem

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material