Foot problems are due to either vascular or neuropathic causes. All methods of evaluation and initial treatment must be exhausted before amputation is considered. Indi cations and techniques of toe amputation, transmetatarsal (TMA), below the knee (BKA), and above the knee (AKA) amputations are discussed. Modern monitoring methods and safer anesthesia techniques have lowered the surgical risk for amputation for the diabetic.
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