The purpose of the study is to test the effects of a culturally tailored family-based self-management education and social support intervention on family social capital with Mexican American (MA) adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and their family member.
Methods
Using a 2-group, experimental repeated-measures design, 157 dyads were randomly assigned to an intervention (group education and social support, home visits, and telephone calls) or a wait list control group. Data were collected at baseline, immediately postintervention (3 months), and 6 months postintervention. A series of 2 × 3 repeated-measures analyses of variance with interaction contrasts were used to test the hypotheses regarding the differential effects on family social capital.
Results
Social capital outcomes included social integration, social support, and family efficacy. Social integration scores, high for family members and friends and low for community engagement, did not change over time for participants or family members. Participants perceived high support from family for physical activity with an immediate increase postintervention and moderate sabotage for healthy eating with no change over time. A sustained intervention effect was noted for family efficacy for general health and total family efficacy in participants and family members.
Conclusions
This family-based culturally tailored intervention demonstrated the potential to improve social capital, specifically social support for physical activity and family efficacy for diabetes management for MA adults with T2DM. Ongoing research that examines the family as a critical context in which T2DM self-management occurs and that targets strategies for sustained family social capital outcomes for T2DM is needed.
PalmasWFindleySEMejiaMet al. Results of the northern Manhattan diabetes community outreach project: a randomized trial studying a community health worker intervention to improve diabetes care in Hispanic adults. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(4):963-969.
4.
LorigKRitterPLVillaFPietteJD. Spanish diabetes self-management with and without automated telephone reinforcement: two randomized trials. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):408-414.
5.
Philis-TsimikasAFortmannALleva-OcanaLWalkerCGalloLC. Peer-led diabetes education programs in high-risk Mexican Americans improve glycemic control compared with standard approaches: a Project Dulce promotora randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):1926-1931.
6.
RosalMCOckeneISRestrepoAet al. Randomized trial of a literacy-sensitive, culturally tailored diabetes self-management intervention for low-income Latinos: Latinos en control. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):838-844.
7.
KenyaSLebronCReyes ArrecheaELiH. Glucometer use and glycemic control among Hispanic patients with diabetes in southern Florida. Clin Ther. 2014;36(4):485-493.
8.
HuJAmirehsaniKAWallaceDCMcCoyTPSilvaZ. A family-based, culturally tailored diabetes intervention for Hispanics and their family members. Diabetes Educ. 2016;42(3):299-314.
9.
MayberryLSOsbornCY. Family involvement is helpful and harmful to patients’ self-care and glycemic control. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;97(3):418-425.
10.
McEwenMMPasvogelAMurdaughCHepworthJ. Effects of a family-based diabetes intervention on behavioral and biological outcomes for Mexican American adults. Diabetes Educ. 2017;43(3):272-285.
11.
PamungkasRAChamroonsawasdiKVatanasomboonP. A systematic review: family support integrated with diabetes self-management among uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus patients. Behav Sci. 2017;7(3).
12.
BaigAABenitezAQuinnMTBurnetDL. Family interventions to improve diabetes outcomes for adults. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;13531(1):89-112.
13.
Spencer-BonillaGPonceOJRodriguez-GutierrezRet al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of social network interventions in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8).
14.
Khosravizade TabasiHMadarshahianFKhoshniat NikooMHassanabadiMMahmoudiradG. Impact of family support improvement behaviors on anti diabetic medication adherence and cognition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13(1):113.
15.
TriefPMFisherLSandbergJet al. Health and psychosocial outcomes of a telephonic couples behavior change intervention in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(12):2165.
16.
McEwenMMMurdaughC. Partnering with families to refine and expand a diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans. Diabetes Educ. 2014;40(4):488-495.
17.
AlmeidaJMolnarBEKawachiISubramanianSV. Ethnicity and nativity status as determinants of perceived social support: testing the concept of familism. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(10):1852-1858.
18.
Mendez-LuckCAApplewhiteSRLaraVEToyokawaN. The concept of familism in the lived experiences of Mexican-origin caregivers: familism among Mexican-origin caregivers. J Marriage Fam. 2016;78(3):813-829.
19.
RadGSBakhtLAFeiziAMohebiS. Importance of social support in diabetes care. J Educ Health Prom. 2013;2:62.
20.
BourdieuP. The forms of capital. In: RichardsonJE, ed. Handbook of Theory of Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1986:46-58.
21.
BubolzMM. Family as source, user, and builder of social capital. J Socio Econ. 2001;30(2):129-131.
22.
ColemanJ. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Amer J Sociol. 1988;94(1988):S95-S120.
23.
AlvarezECKawachiIRomaniJR. Family social capital and health: a systematic review and redirection. Sociol Health Illn. 2017;39(1):5-29.
24.
Carrillo ÁlvarezERiera RomaníJ. Measuring social capital: further insights. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2017;31(1):57-61.
25.
KoetsenruijterJvan EikelenboomNvan LieshoutJet al. Social support and self-management capabilities in diabetes patients: an international observational study. Patient Educ Couns. 2016; 99(4):638-643.
26.
FreemanKHanlonMDenslowSHooperV. Patient engagement in type 2 diabetes: a collaborative community health initiative. Diabetes Educ. 2018;44(4):395-404.
27.
RotbergBJunqueiraYGosdinLMejiaRUmpierrezGE. The importance of social support on glycemic control in low-income Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Am J Health Educ. 2016;47(5):279-286.
28.
KawachiIKennedyBPGlassR. Social capital and self-rated health: a contextual analysis. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(8):1187-1193.
29.
McEwenMMBairdMPasvogelAGallegosG. Health-illness transition experiences among Mexican immigrant women with diabetes. Fam Comm Health. 2007;30(3):201.
30.
McEwenMMPasvogelAGallegosGBarreraL. Type 2 diabetes self-management social support intervention at the U.S.-Mexico border. Public Health Nurs. 2010;27(4):310-319.
31.
McEwenMMPasvogelAMurdaughCL. Family self-efficacy for diabetes management: psychometric testing. J Nurs Meas. 2016;24(1):E32-E43.
32.
CuellarIArnoldBMaldonadoR. Acculturation rating scale for Mexican Americans-II: a revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hisp J Behav Sci. 1995;17(3):275-304.
33.
WeissBDMaysMZMartzWet al. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(6):514-522.
34.
WhitleyHPYongEVRasinenC. Selecting an A1C point-of-care instrument. Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(3):201-208.
35.
CarterJSHoustonCAGillilandSSet al. Rapid HbA1c testing in a community setting. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(7):764-767.
36.
CohenSLemayEP. Why would social networks be linked to affect and health practices?Health Psychol. 2007;26(4):410-417.
37.
HawkinsJMitchellJ. Can social integration and social support help to explain racial disparities in health care utilization among men with diabetes?Int J Mens Health. 2017;16(1):66-83.
38.
RoseTJoeSShieldsJCaldwellCH. Social integration and the mental health of black adolescents. Child Dev. 2014;85(3):1003-1018.
39.
NaLHampleD. Psychological pathways from social integration to health: an examination of different demographic groups in Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2016;151:196-205.
40.
GormanBKSivaganesanA. The role of social support and integration for understanding socioeconomic disparities in self-rated health and hypertension. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(5):958-975.
41.
BerkmanLFGlassTBrissetteISeemanTE. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(6):843-857.
42.
Holt-LunstadJ. Social Integration, Social Networks, and Health. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier; 2015.
43.
YangYCBoenCGerkenKLiTSchorppKHarrisKM. Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(3):578-583.
44.
ProcidanoMEHellerK. Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: three validation studies. Am J Comm Psychol. 1983;11(1):1-24.
45.
SallisJFGrossmanRMPinskiRBPattersonTLNaderPR. The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Prev Med. 1987;16(6):825-836.
46.
BanduraA. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191-215.
47.
BanduraA. Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2000;9(3):75-78.
48.
HardynsWSnaphaanTPauwelsLJRVynckeVWillemsS. A multilevel analysis of collective efficacy, neighborhood disorder, and individual social capital on avoidance behavior. Crime Delinq. 2018:0011128718788042.
49.
BanduraACapraraGVBarbaranelliCRegaliaCScabiniE. Impact of family efficacy beliefs on auality of family functioning and satisfaction with family life. Appl Psychol. 2011;60(3):421.
50.
MantwillSSchulzPJ. Does acculturation narrow the health literacy gap between immigrants and non-immigrants: an explorative study. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(4):760-767.
51.
LinN. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections. 1999;22(1):28-51.
52.
MooreSHainesVHawePShiellA. Lost in translation: a genealogy of the “social capital” concept in public health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(8):729-734.
53.
ErikssonMNgN. Changes in access to structural social capital and its influence on self-rated health over time for middle-aged men and women: a longitudinal study from northern Sweden. Soc Sci Med. 2015;130:250-258.
54.
WeaverRRLemondeMPaymanNGoodmanWM. Health capabilities and diabetes self-management: the impact of economic, social, and cultural resources. Soc Sci Med. 2014;102:58-68.
