Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/trend/maps/index.htm. Accessed August 17, 2007.
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/state/fPrev1994and2003.htm. Accessed August 17, 2007.
4.
American Diabetes Association (ADA).Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2007. Diabetes Care . 2008;31:596-615.
5.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1963-1972.
6.
ADA.Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care. 2008 ;31:S12-S54.
7.
Selby JV, Peng T., Karter AJ, et al. High rates of co-occurence of hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diabetes mellitus in a large managed care population . Am J Manag Care. 2004;10:163-170.
8.
Shah BR, Hux JE, Laupacis A., Zinman B., van Walraven C.Clinical inertia in response to inadequate glycemic control: do specialists differ from primary care physicians? Diabetes Care. 2005;28:600-606.
9.
Bowker SL, Mitchell CG, Majumdar SR, Toth EL, Johnson JALack of insurance coverage for testing supplies is associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. CMAJ. 2004;171:39-43.
10.
Rubin RRAdherence to pharmacologic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Am J Med. 2005;118 Suppl 5A:27S-34S.
11.
Cramer JAA systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1218-1224.
12.
Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M.Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Millbank Q. 1996;74:511-544.
13.
Skovlund SE , Peyrot M.DAWN International Advisory Panel: lifestyle and behavior: the Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN) program: a new approach to improving outcomes of diabetes care. Diabetes Spectrum. 2005;18:136-142.
14.
Brown SAEffects of educational interventions and outcomes in diabetic adults: a meta-analysis revisited. Patient Educ Couns. 1990; 16:189-215.
15.
Norris SL, Lau J., Smith SJ, Schmid CH, Engelgau MMSelf-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2002;25: 1159-1171.
16.
Hiss RG, Anderson RN, Hess GE, Stepien CJ, Davis WKCommunity diabetes care. A 10-year perspective. Diabetes Care . 1994;17:1124-1134.
17.
Siminerio LM , Piatt G., Zgibor JCImplementing the chronic care model for improvements in diabetes care and education in a rural primary care practice. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31:225-234.
18.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS).Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837-853.
19.
Inzucchi SEOral antihyperglycemic therapy of type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;287:360-372.
20.
Bajaj M., Suraamornkul S., Piper P., et al. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:200-206.
21.
DeFronzo RAImpaired glucose tolerance: do pharmacological therapies correct the underlying metabolic disturbance? Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2003;3:S21-S40.
22.
Pratley RE, Salsali A.Inhibition of DPP-4: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 ;23:919-931.
23.
Baggio LL, Drucker DJBiology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology . 2007;132:2131-2157.
24.
Understanding Clinical Trials. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/info/ understand. Last updated September 20, 2007. Accessed April 24, 2008.
25.
Kolterman OG , Buse JB, Fineman MS, et al. Synthetic exendin-4 (exenatide) significantly reduces postprandial and fasting plasma glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3082-3089.
26.
Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkes DGPharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4): a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept . 2004;117:77-88.
27.
Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J., Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD; Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group.Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27: 2628-2635.
28.
Ratner RE, Maggs D., Nielsen LL, et al. Long-term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycaemic control and weight in overweight, metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8:419-428.
29.
Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J., et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea . Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1083-1091.
30.
Kim D., MacConell L., Zhuang D., et al. Effects of once-weekly dosing of a long-acting release formulation of exenatide on glucose control and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1487-1493.
31.
Bregenholt S., Møldrup A., Blume N., et al. The long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, liraglutide, inhibits beta-cell apoptosis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 ;330:577-584.
32.
Madsbad S., Schmitz O., Ranstam J., Jakobsen G., Matthews DR; NN2211-1310 International Study Group.Improved glycemic control with no weight increase in patients with type 2 diabetes after once-daily treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide (NN2211): a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial . Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1335-1342.
33.
Vilsbøll T. , Zdravkovic M., Le-Thi T., et al. Liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, given as monotherapy significantly improves glycemic control and lowers body weight without risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1608-1610.
34.
Herman GA, Stevens C., Van Dyck K., et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78:675-688.
35.
Bergman AJ, Stevens C., Zhou Y., et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy male volunteers. Clin Ther. 2006;28:55-72.
36.
Nauck MA, Meininger G., Sheng D., Terranella L., Stein PP; Sitagliptin Study 024 Group.Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:194-205.
37.
Goldstein BJ , Feinglos MN, Lunceford JK, Johnson J., Williams-Herman DE; Sitagliptin 036 Study Group.Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1979-1987.
38.
Ahrén B., Gomis R., Standl E., Mills D., Schweizer A.Twelve- and 52-week efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2874-2880.
39.
Mari A., Sallas WM, He YL, et al. Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, improves model-assessed beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4888-4894.
40.
Mentlein R.Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26)-role in the inactivation of regulatory peptides . Regul Pept. 1999;85:9-24.
41.
Melikian C. , White TJ, Vanderplas A., Dezii CM, Chang E.Adherence to oral antidiabetic therapy in a managed care organization: a comparison of monotherapy, combination therapy, and fixed-dose combination therapy. Clin Ther. 2002;24(3):460-467.
42.
Bell DSThe case for combination therapy as first-line treatment for the type 2 diabetic patient. Treat Endocrinol. 2006 ;5(3):131-137.