Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2005.pdf . Accessed May 26, 2008.
2.
1999Diabetes Surveillance Report. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/survl99/index.htm . Accessed March 3, 2005.
3.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.
4.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853.
5.
Harris MI, Eastman RC, Cowie C., Flegal K., Eberhardt MSRacial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care. 1999;22(3):403-408.
6.
Bonds DE, Zaccaro DJ, Karter AJ, Selby JV, Saad M., Goff DC Jr.Ethnic and racial differences in diabetes care: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1040-1046.
7.
De Rekeneire N., Rooks RN, Simonsick EM, et al. Racial differences in glycemic control in a well-functioning older diabetic population: findings from the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(7):1986-1992.
8.
Kirk JK, Bell RA, Bertoni AG, et al. Ethnic disparities: control of glycemia, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol among US adults with type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(9):1489-1501.
9.
Vaccarino V. , Rathore SS, Wenger NK, et al. Sex and racial differences in the management of acute myocardial infarction, 1994 through 2002. N Engl J Med.2005;353(7):671-682.
10.
Jha AK, Fisher ES, Li Z., Orav EJ, Epstein AMRacial trends in the use of major procedures among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(7):683-691.
11.
Trivedi AN, Zaslavsky AM, Schneider EC, Ayanian JZTrends in the quality of care and racial disparities in Medicare managed care . N Engl J Med. 2005;353(7):692-700.
12.
Bach PB, Pham HH, Schrag D., Tate RC, Hargraves JLPrimary care physicians who treat blacks and whites. N Engl J Med.2004;351(6):575-584.
13.
Petersen LA , Wright SM, Peterson ED, Daley J.Impact of race on cardiac care and outcomes in veterans with acute myocardial infarction. Med Care.2002;40(1 Suppl):186-196.
14.
Ashton CM, Haidet P., Paterniti DA, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of health services . J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(2):146-152.
15.
Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003.
16.
van Ryn M.Research on the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in medical care. Med Care.2002;40(1 Suppl):1140-1151.
17.
Lurie N.Health disparities-less talk, more action. N Engl J Med.2005;353(7):727-729.
18.
Cook CB, Ziemer DC, El-Kebbi IM, et al. Diabetes in urban African Americans. XVI. Overcoming clinical inertia improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(9):1494-1500.
19.
Miller CD, Ziemer DC, Kolm P., et al. Use of a glucose algorithm to direct diabetes therapy improves A1c outcomes and defines an approach to assess provider behavior. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(4): 533-545.
20.
El-Kebbi IM , Ziemer DC, Gallina DL, Phillips LSDiabetes in African Americans. VI. Utility of fasting or random glucose in identifying poor glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(4):501-505.
21.
Rhee MK, Slocum W., Ziemer DC, et al. Patient adherence improves glycemic control. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(2):240-250.
22.
Phillips LS , Branch WT, Cook CB, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:825-834.
23.
Ziemer DC, Miller CD, Rhee MK, et al. Clinical inertia contributes to poor diabetes control in a primary care setting. Diabetes Educ. 2005;31(4):564-571.
24.
Miller CD, Cook CB, Ziemer DC, El-Kebbi IM, Gallina DL, Phillips LSUse of a detailed treatment algorithm to evaluate provider behavior and improve glycemic control (abstract #1033-P). Diabetes. 2001;50(suppl 2):A251-A252.
25.
Karter AJ, Ferrara A., Liu J., Moffet HH, Ackerson LM, Selby J.Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA. 2002;287:2519-2527.
26.
Brown AF, Gregg EW, Stevens MR, et al. Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and quality of care for adults with diabetes enrolled in managed care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2864-2870.
27.
Adams AS, Zhang F., Mah C., et al. Race differences in long-term diabetes management in an HMO . Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12): 2844-2849.
28.
Lanting LC, Joung IM, Mackenbach JP, Lamberts SW, Bootsma AHEthnic differences in mortality, end-stage complications, and quality of care among diabetic patients: a review. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(9):2280-2288.
29.
Phillips LS, Ziemer DC, Doyle JP, et al. An endocrinologist-supported intervention aimed at providers improves diabetes management in a primary care site: improving primary care of African Americans with diabetes (IPCAAD) 7. Diabetes Care . 2005;28(10):2352-2360.
30.
Mitchell MCComparison of determinants of frame size in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93(1):53-57.
31.
Schectman JM , Nadkarni MM, Voss JDThe association between diabetes metabolic control and drug adherence in an indigent population. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(6):1015-1021.
32.
Fiscella K. , Franks P., Gold MR, Clancy CMInequality in quality: addressing socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities in health care. JAMA. 2000;283(19):2579-2584.
33.
Andrulis DPAccess to care is the centerpiece in the elimination of socioeconomic disparities in health. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129(5):412-416.
34.
Fiscella K. , Franks P., Clancy CMSkepticism toward medical care and health care utilization. Med Care.1998;36(2):180-189.
35.
Whittle J., Conigliaro J., Good CB, Joswiak M.Do patient preferences contribute to racial differences in cardiovascular procedure use? J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12(5):267-273.
36.
El-Kebbi IM , Ziemer DC, Gallina DL, Dunbar V., Phillips LSDiabetes in urban African Americans. XV. Identification of barriers to provider adherence to management protocols. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(10):1617-1620.
37.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Update regarding thiazolidinediones: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(1):173-175.
38.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49(8):1711-1721.
39.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(8):1963-1972.
40.
Rhee MK, Cook CB, Dunbar VG, et al. Limited health care access impairs glycemic control in low income urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005; 16(4):734-746.