Moller DE. New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2001;414:821-827.
2.
Beaser RS. Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes: medications to match the pathophysiology. In: Beaser RS and the staff of the Joslin Diabetes Center, eds. Joslin’s Diabetes Deskbook: A Guide for Primary Care Providers. Boston, Mass: Joslin Diabetes Center; 2003:143-176.
3.
Nichols GA, Gomez A. Weight changes associated with antihyperglycemic therapies for type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetes. 2005;54(suppl 1):A4-A4. Abstract 13-OR.
4.
Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:574-579.
5.
Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D. Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD002966.
6.
Bohannon NJ. Treating dual defects in diabetes: insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59(suppl 9):S9-S13.
7.
Rosak C. The pathophysiologic basis of efficacy and clinical experience with the new oral antidiabetic agents. J Diabetes Complications. 2002;16:123-132.
8.
Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279-1289.
9.
Yki-Jarvinen H.Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1106-1118.
10.
Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, Van de Lisdonk EH, Rutten GE, Van Weel C. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD003639.
11.
American Diabetes Association. Resource guide: insulin. Diabetes Forecast. 2005;13:RG10-RG15.
12.
Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc.Lantus®: insulin glargine [rDNA origin] injection. Available at: http://www.aventisus.com/PIs/lantus_TXT.html. Accessed August 2, 2005.
13.
Salle A, Guilloteau G, Ryan M, Bouhanick B, Ritz P. Effect of insulin treatment on the body composition of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2004;21:1298-1303.
14.
Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhall J, et al. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:1176-1180.
15.
Buse JB. Progressive use of medical therapies in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2000;13:211-222.
16.
Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR, for the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA. 1999;28:2005-2012.
17.
Nauck M, Stockmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1986;29:46-52.
18.
Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50:609-613.
19.
Rachman J, Barrow BA, Levy JC, Turner RC. Near-normalisation of diurnal glucose concentrations by continuous administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in subjects with NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1997;40:205-211.
20.
Nauck MA, Kleine N, Ørskov C, Holst JJ, Willms B, Creutzfeldt W. Normalization of fasting hyperglycemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) in type 2 (non–insulindependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1993;36:741-744.
21.
Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Holst JJ. Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallelgroup study. Lancet. 2002;359:824-830.
22.
Farilla L, Hui H, Bertolotto C, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 promotes islet cell growth and inhibits apoptosis in Zucker diabetic rats. Endocrinology. 2002;143:4397-4408.
23.
Farilla L, Bulotta A, Hirshberg B, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibits cell apoptosis and improves glucose responsiveness of freshly isolated human islets. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5149-5158.
24.
Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.BYETTA®: exenatide prescribing information. Available at: http://www.byetta.com/. Accessed July 11, 2005.
25.
Buse J, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628-2635.
26.
Fineman MS, Shen LZ, Taylor K, Kim DD, Baron AD. Effectiveness of progressive dose escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control in reducing dose-limiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20:411-417.
27.
DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD. Effects of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1092-1100.
28.
Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1083-1091.
29.
Dungan K, Buse JB. Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes: a focus on exenatide. Clin Diabetes. 2005;23:56-62.
30.
Blonde L, Han J, Mac S, Poon T, Taylor K, Kim D. Exenatide (exendin-4) reduced A1C and weight over 82 weeks in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetes Care. 2005;54(suppl 1):A118-A118. Abstract 477-P.
31.
Degn KB, Juhl CB, Sturis J, et al. One week’s treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative liraglutide (NN2211) markedly improves 24-h glycemia and alpha- and beta-cell function and reduces endogenous glucose release in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:1187-1194.
32.
Harder H, Nielsen L, Thi TDT, Astrup A. The effect of liraglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative, on glycemic control, body composition, and 24-h energy expenditure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1915-1920.
33.
Feinglos MN, Saad MF, Pi-Sunyer FX, An B, Santiago O, for the Liraglutide Dose-Response Study Group. Effects of liraglutide (NN2211), a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, on glycemic control and bodyweight in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1016-1023.
34.
Ahren B, Landin-Olsson M, Jansson P, Svensson M, Holmes D, Schweizer A. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;89:2078-2084.
