Centers for Disease Control. Diabetes surveilance report, 1999. Available at: www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/sur199/index.htm. Accessed January 31, 2003.
2.
American Diabetes Association. Basic diabetes information: facts and figures. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org. Accessed January 29, 2002.
3.
Rogers MA, Yamamoto C, King DS, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. Improvement in glucose tolerance after 1 wk of exercise in patients with mild NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:613-618.
4.
Larsen JJ, Dela F, Kjaer M, Galbo H. The effect of moderate exercise on post-prandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia. 1997;40:447-453.
5.
Devlin JT, Hirshman M, Horton ED, Horton ES. Enhanced peripheral and splanchnic insulin sensitivity in NIDDM men after a single bout of exercise. Diabetes. 1987;36:434-439.
6.
Giacca A, Groenewoud Y, Tsui E, McClean P, Zinman B. Glucose production, utilization, and cycling in response to moderate exercise in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 1998;47:1763-1770.
7.
Braun B, Zimmermann MB, Kretchmer N. Effects of exercise intensity on insulin sensitivity in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:300-306.
8.
Tanner CJ, Koves TR, Cortright RL, et al. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity in middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E147-E153.
9.
Goodyear LJ, Kahn BB. Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity. Ann Rev Med. 1998;49:235-261.
10.
Borghouts LB, Keizer HA. Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review. Intl J Sports Med. 2000;21:1-12.
11.
Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 2001;286:1218-1227.
12.
Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure in women: a meta-analytic review of controlled clinical trials. J Womens Health Gender-Based Med. 1999;8:787-803.
13.
Stefanick ML, Mackey S, Sheehan M, Ellsworth N, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:12-20.
14.
Prabhakaran B, Dowling EA, Branch JD, Swain DP, Leutholtz BC. Effect of 14 weeks of resistance training on lipid profile and body fat percentage in premenopausal women. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:190-195.
15.
Rosengren A, Wilhelm-sen L. Physical activity protects against coronary death and deaths from all causes in middle-aged men. Evidence from a 20-year follow-up of the primary prevention study in Gote-borg. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:69-75.
16.
Leon AS, Myers MJ, Connett J. Leisure time physical activity and the 16-year risks of mortality from coronary heart disease and all causes in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Intl J Sports Med. 1997;18(suppl 3): S208-S215.
17.
Folsom AR, Arnett DK, Hutchinson RG, Liao F, Clegg LX, Cooper LS. Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:901-909.
18.
Hakim AA, Curb JD, Petrovitch H, et al. Effects of walking on coronary heart disease in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation. 1999;100:9-13.
19.
Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:650-658.
20.
Sherman SE, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Comparison of past versus recent physical activity in the prevention of premature death and coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 1999;138(5 pt 1):900-907.
21.
Glasgow RE, Ruggiero L, Eakin EG, Dryfoos J, Chobanian L. Quality of life and associated characteristics in a large national sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:562-567.
22.
Wood FG. Ethnic differences in exercise among adults with diabetes. West J Nurs Res. 2002;24:502-515.
23.
Plotnikoff RC, Brez S, Hotz SB. Exercise behavior in a community sample with diabetes: understanding the determinants of exercise behavioral change. Diabetes Educ. 2000;26:450-459.
24.
Ruggiero L, Glasgow R, Dryfoos JM, et al. Diabetes self-management. Self-reported recommendations and patterns in a large population. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:568-576.
25.
Clark DO. Physical activity efficacy and effectiveness among older adults and minorities. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1176-1182.
26.
Ary DV, Toobert D, Wilson W, Glasgow RE. Patient perspective on factors contributing to nonadherence to diabetes regimen. Diabetes Care. 1986;9:168-172.
27.
Glasgow RE, Hampson SE, Strycker LA, Ruggiero L. Personal-model beliefs and social-environmental barriers related to diabetes self-management. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:556-561.
28.
Glasgow RE, Osteen VL. Evaluating diabetes education. Are we measuring the most important outcomes?Diabetes Care. 1992;15:1423-1432.
29.
Mensing C, Boucher J, Cypress M, et al. Task Force to Review and Revise the National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education Programs. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:682-689.
30.
Prochaska JC. The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Foundations of Change. Home-wood, Ill: Dow Jones-Irwin; 1984.
31.
Strecher VJ, DeVellis BM, Becker MH, Rosenstock IM. The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1986;13:73-92.
32.
Ajzen I, Madden TJ. Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1986;22:453-474.
33.
Fain JA, Nettles A, Funnell MM, Charron D. Diabetes patient education research: an integrative literature review. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25(suppl 6): 7-15.
34.
Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
35.
Kavanagh DJ, Gooley S, Wilson PH. Prediction of adherence and control in diabetes. J Behav Med. 1993;16:509-522.
36.
Ludlow AP, Gein L. Relationships among self-care, self-efficacy and HbA1c levels in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Can J Diabetes Care. 1995;19:10-15.
37.
Rubin RR, Peyrot M, Saudek CD. Effect of diabetes education on self-care, metabolic control, and emotional well-being. Diabetes Care. 1989;12:673-679.
38.
Rose M, Fliege H, Hildebrandt M, Schirop T, Klapp BF. The network of psychological variables in patients with diabetes and their importance for quality of life and metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:35-42.
39.
Anderson RM, Funnell MM, Butler PM, Arnold MS, Fitzgerald JT, Feste CC. Patient empowerment. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:943-949.
40.
Padgett DK. Correlates of self-efficacy beliefs among patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Patient Educ Counsel. 1991;18:139-147.
41.
Miller CK, Edwards L, Kissling G, Sanville L. Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older adults with diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2002;34:252-259.
42.
Hurley AC, Shea CA. Self-efficacy: strategy for enhancing diabetes self-care. Diabetes Educ. 1992;18:146-150.
43.
Wolffenbuttel BH, Drossaert CH, Visser AP. Determinants of injecting insulin in elderly patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Counsel. 1993;22:117-125.
44.
McCaul KD, Glasgow RE, Schafer LC. Diabetes regimen behaviors. Predicting adherence. Med Care. 1987;25:868-881.
45.
Kingery PM, Glasgow RE. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations in the self-regulation of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Health Educ. 1989;20:13-19.
46.
Skelly AH, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Davis PJ, Dun-ford RG. Self-efficacy and confidence in outcomes as determinants of self-care practices in inner-city, African-American women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1995;21:38-46.
47.
Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Riddle M, Donnelly J, Mitchell DL, Calder D. Diabetes-specific social learning variables and self-care behaviors among persons with type II diabetes. Health Psychol. 1989;8:285-303.
48.
Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Brown JE, Lewinsohn PM, Donnelly J. Improving self-care among older patients with type II diabetes: the “Sixty Something...” Study. Patient Educ Counsel. 1992;19:61-74.
49.
Keller C, Fleury J, Gregor-Holt N, Thompson T. Predictive ability of Social Cognitive Theory in exercise research: an integrated literature review. Online J Knowledge Synthesis Nurs [serial online]. 1999;6.
50.
Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: WH Freemand & Co; 1997.
51.
Cooper H. Scientific guidelines for conducting integrative research reviews. Rev Educ Res. 1982;52:291-302.
52.
Smith MC, Stullenbarger E. A prototype for integrative review and meta-analysis of nursing research. J Adv Nurs. 1991;16:1272-1283.
53.
Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155-159.
Crabtree MK. Self-efficacy and social support as predictors of diabetic self-care. In: Nursing. San Francisco: University of California; 1986:239.
56.
Grossman HY, Brink S, Hauser ST. Self-efficacy in adolescent girls and boys with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1987;10:324-329.
57.
Boykin AM. Self-efficacy theory as a predictor of adherence with a medical regimen among noninsulin-dependent diabetics. In: Clinical Psychology. Fairfax, Vir: George Mason University; 1995:142.
58.
Sadur CN, Moline N, Costa M, et al. Diabetes management in a health maintenance organization. Efficacy of care management using cluster visits. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:2011-2017.
59.
Burns N, Grove SK. The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduct, Critique, & Utilization. 4th ed.Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001.
60.
Sallis JF, Pinski RB, Grossman RM, Patterson TL, Nader PR. The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behaviors. Health Educ Res. 1988;3:283-292.
61.
Resnick B, Jenkins LS. Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale. Nurs Res. 2000;49:154-159.
62.
Melanson EL Jr, Freedson PS. Validity of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) Activity Monitor. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:934-940.
63.
Whittemore R. Strategies to facilitate lifestyle change associated with diabetes mellitus. J Nurs Scholarship. 2000;32:225-232.
64.
Clement S. Diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:1204-1214.
65.
Norris SL, Messina PJ, Caspersen CJ, Engelgau MM, Jack L Jr, Riccio KM. Strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from diabetes through health-care system interventions and diabetes self-management education in community settings: a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 2001;50(RR-16):1-15.
66.
American Diabetes Association. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:S73-S77.
67.
Gordon NF. The Exercise Prescription. In: Ruderman NB, ed. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Canada: American Diabetes Association; 2001.
68.
van de Laar KE, van der Bijl JJ. Strategies enhancing self-efficacy in diabetes education: a review. In: Lenz ER, Shortridge-Baggett LM, eds. Self-Efficacy in Nursing. New York: Springer; 2002.
69.
Tudor-Locke C. Preliminary outcome evaluation of the First Step Program: a daily physical activity intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Counsel. 2002;47:23-28.
70.
Di Loreto C, Fanelli C, Lucidi P, et al. Validation of a counseling strategy to promote the adoption and the maintenance of physical activity by type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:404-408.
71.
Kruger D, Marcus AO. Psychological motivation and patient education: a role for continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000;2(suppl 1): S93-S97.
72.
Tziporah Cohen S, Jacobson AM. Psychological benefits of exercise. In: Ruderman NB, ed. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Canada: American Diabetes Association; 2001.
73.
Pescatello LS, Miller B, Danias PG, et al. Dynamic exercise normalizes resting blood pressure in mildly hypertensive premenopausal women. Am Heart J. 1999;138(5 pt 1):916-921.
74.
Taylor-Tolbert NS, Dengel DR, Brown MD, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after acute exercise in older men with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13(1 pt 1): 44-51.
75.
Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Physical activity and stroke incidence: the Harvard Alumni Health Study. Stroke. 1998;29:2049-2054.
76.
Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Berger K, Buring JE, Manson JE. Exercise and risk of stroke in male physicians. Stroke. 1999;30:1-6.
77.
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. JAMA. 2000;283:2961-2967.
78.
Shortridge-Baggett LM, van der Bijl JJ. International collaborative research on management self-efficacy in diabetes mellitus. J New York Nurses Assoc. 1996;27:9-14.