Iatrogenic Facial Nerve Injury: Prevalence and Predisposing Factors

Green J.D. Jr. , Shelton C. , Brackmann D.E. Surgical management of iatrogenic facial nerve injuries. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111(5): 606–10.

Schuring A.G. Iatrogenic facial nerve injury. Am J Otol 1988; 9(5): 432–3.

Wiet R.J. Iatrogenic facial paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1982; 15(4); 773–80.

Sheehy J.L. The facial nerve in surgery of chronic otitis media. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1974; 7: 493–505.

Donaldson J.A. , Anson B.J. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1974; 7(2): 289–308.

Bojrab D.I. , Wiet R.J. Surgical anatomy of the temporal bone through dissection, in Glasscock M.E. , Shambaugh G.E. (eds): Surgery of the Ear. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1990.

Gacek R. How I do it. Dissection of the facial nerve in chronic otitis media surgery. Laryngoscope 1982; 92: 108–9.

Proctor B. , Nager G.T. The facial canal: Normal anatomy, variations, and anomalies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1982; 91(5): 33–61.

Sheehy J.L. Mastoidectomy: The intact canal wall procedure, in Brackmann D.E. , Shelton C. , Arriaga M.A. (eds): Otologic Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1994.

Glasscock M.E. , Shambaugh G.E. The simple mastoid operation, in Glasscock M.E. , Shambaugh G.E. (eds): Surgery of the Ear. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1990.

Sheely J.L. , Patterson D.E. Intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy. Laryngoscope 1967; 77: 1502–42.

May M. , Wiet R.J. Iatrogenic injury-prevention and management, in May M. (ed): The Facial Nerve. New York, Thieme, Inc., 1986.

Green J.D. Jr. , Shelton C. , Brackmann D.B. Iatrogenic facial nerve injury during otologic surgery. Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 922–6.

Pfaltz M. Should cholesteatoma be considered a dangerous disease? in Sade J. (ed): Cholesteatoma and Mastoid Surgery. Amsterdam, Kugler Publications, 1973.

Sheehy J.L. , Brackmann D.E. Cholesteatoma surgery: Management of the labyrinthine fistula — a report of 97 cases. Laryngoscope 1979; 89: 78–87.

Leek J.H. An anomalous facial nerve: The otologist's albatross. Laryngoscope 1974; 84: 1535–44.

Greisen O. Aberrant course of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1975; 101: 327–8.

Mattox D.E. , Nager G.T. , Levin L.S. Congenital aural atresia: Embryology, pathology, classification, genetics, and surgical management, in Paparella M.M. , Shumrick D.A. , Gluckman J.L. (eds): Otolaryngology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1991.

De La Cruz A. , Linthicum F.H.J. , Luxford W.M. Congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. Laryngoscope 1985; 95: 421–7.

Altmann F. Congenita] atresia of the ear in man and animals. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1955; 64: 824–58.

Jahrsdoerfer R.A. , Yeakley J.W. , Aguilar E.A. Grading system for the selection of patients with congenital aural atresia. Am J Otol 1992; 13(1): 6–12.

Jahrsdoerfer R. The facial nerve and the congenitally malformed middle ear, in May M. (ed): The Facial Nerve. New York, Thieme Inc., 1986.

Jahrsdoerfer R.A. The facial nerve in congenital middle ear malformations. Laryngoscope 1981; 41(8): 1217–25.

Crabtree J.A. The facial nerve in congenital ear surgery. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 1974; 7(2): 505–10.

Jahrsdoerfer R.A. , Yeakley J.W. , Hall J.W. III High-resolution CT scanning and auditory brain stem response in congenital aural atresia: Patient selection and surgical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93: 292–8.

Mehra Y.N. , Dubey S.P. Correlation between high-resolution computed tomography and surgical findings in congenital aural atresia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114: 137–41.

Hasso A.N. , Broadwell R.A. Congenital anomalies, in Som P.M. , Bergeron R.T. (eds): Head and Neck Imaging. St. Louis, C. V. Mosby, 1991.

Zalzal G.H. , Shott S.R. , Towbin R. Value of CT scan in the diagnosis of temporal bone diseases in children. Laryngoscope 1986; 96: 27–32.

De La Cruz A. , Chandrasekhar S.S. Congenital malformations of the temporal bone, in Brackmann D.E. , Shelton C. , Arriaga M.A. (eds): Otologic Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1994.

Lambert P.R. Congenital aural atresia, in Bailey B.J. , Johnson J.T. , Kohut R.L. (eds): Head and Neck Surgery–Otolaryngology. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Company, 1993.

Linstrom F.J. , Meiteles L.Z. Facial nerve monitoring in surgery for congenital auricular atresia. Laryngoscope 1993; 103: 406–15.

Molony T.B. , De La Cruz A. Surgical approaches to congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. Otolaryngol—Head Neck Surg 1990; 103: 991–1001.

Baxter A. Dehiscence of the fallopian canal. An anatomical study. J Laryngol Otol 1971; 85: 587–94.

Kettel K. Surgery of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1966; 77: 327–41.

Johnsson L.G. , Kingsley T.C. Herniation of the facial nerve in the middle ear. Arch Otolaryngol 1970; 91: 598–602.

Gasser R. , May M. Embryonic development of the facial nerve, in May M. (ed): The Facial Nerve. New York, Thieme, Inc., 1986.

Litton W.B. , Krause C.J. , Anson B.A. The relationship of the facial canal to the annular sulcus. Laryngoscope 1969; 79: 1584–1604.

Miehlke A. Anatomy and clinical aspects of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1965; 81: 444–5.

Glasscock M.E. , Shambaugh G.E. Principles of temporal bone surgery, in Glasscock M.E. , Shambaugh G.E. (ed): Surgery of the Ear. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1990.

Mayer T.G. , Crabtree J.A. The facial nerve coursing inferior to the oval window. Arch Otolaryngol 1976; 102: 744–6.

Caparosa R.J. , Klassen D. Congenital anomalies of the stapes and facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1966; 83: 420–1.

Durcan D.J. , Shea J.J. , Sleekx J.P. Bifurcation of the facial nerve. Arch Otolaryngol 1967; 86: 619–31.

House H.P. , Kwartler J.A. 1994. Total stapedectomy, in Brackmann D.E. , Shelton C. , Arriaga M.A. (eds): Otologic Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1994.

Perkins R. Laser stapedectomy, in Brackmann D.E. , Shelton C. , Arriaga M.A. (eds): Otologic Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, 1994.

Jahn A.F. , Vernick D. Otosclerosis: Diagnosis and treatment. Self-Instructional Package from the Committee on Continuing Education in Otolaryngology, 1991.

Althaus S.R. , House H.P. Delayed post-stapedectomy facial paralysis: A report of five cases. Laryngoscope 1973; 83: 1234–40.

Sadé J. Retrograde facial paralysis. Ann Otol 1995; 74: 94–108.