Abstract
Article 1: Practical, Applied and Research-Based Strategies for Physicians
Adey, P. S., Fairbrother, R. W., Wiliam, D., Johnson, B., & Jones, C. (1999). A review of research related to learning styles and strategies. London, UK: King’s College London Centre for the Advancement of Thinking.
Alford, R. (1998). The craft of inquiry: Theories, methods and evidence. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
Bidabadi, N. S., Isfahani, N. A., Rouhollahi, A., & Khalili, R. Effective teaching methods in higher education: requirements and barriers. Journal of Advances in Medical Education Professionalism, 4, (4), 170-178. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065908/
Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 188-205). MIT Press.
Brown, P. C., Roediger, H.L. III, McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make it stick. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Christo-Baker, E. (2004). Distance education leadership in higher education institutions: explored within theoretical frameworks of organizational change and diffusion of innovations theory. In L. Cantoni & C. McLoughlin (Eds.) Proceedings of world conference on educational multimedia, hypermedia and telecommunications. (pp. 251-256). AACE. http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxyedinboro.klnpa.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewrvid=1&sid=91829c1f-1128-4c3e-8029-244829cb0682%40pdc-v-sessmgr03
Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review. Learning and Skills Development Agency.
Damsa, C., & Jornet, A., Revisiting learning in higher education – Framing notions redefined through an ecological perspective. Frontline Learning Research, 4(4), 39-47. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1130359.pdf
DeKock, A., Sleegers, P., & Voeten, M. (2004). New learning and the classification of learning environments in secondary education. Review of Educational Research, 74(2), 141-170.
Degiovanni, J. (personal communication, June 21, 2021).
Derbyshire, J. (2021). Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Memory: a contribution to experimental psychology.
Derbyshire, J. (personal communication, June 21, 2021).
Garrison, D. R. & Vaughan, N. D. (2007). Blended learning in higher education: framework, principles, and guidelines. Jossey-Bass.
Hattie, John. (2008). Visible Learning. Routledge.
Justice, C., Rice, J., Warry, W., Iglis, S., Miller, S. & Sammon, S. (2007). Inquiry in higher education: Reflections and directions on course design and teaching methods. Innovative Higher Education 31: 201-214.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., III, Swanson, R. A. (2005). The adult learner. (6th ed.) Elsevier.
Koljatic, M., & Kuh, G. (2001). A longitudinal assessment of college student engagement in good practices in undergraduate education. Higher Education, 42(3), 351-371.
Lee, V., Greene, D., Odom, J., Schechter, E & Slatta, R. W. (2004). What is inquiry guided learning? In V. S. Lee (Ed.), Teaching and learning through inquiry: A guidebook for institutions and instructors. Stylus.
McTighe, J. & Silver, H. F. (2020). Teaching for deeper learning: Tools to engage students in meaning making. ASCD.
Nilson, L. B. (2010). Teaching at its best: A research-based resource for college instructors.
(3rded.). Jossey-Bass.
Norberg, A., Dziuban, C. D. & Moskal, P. D. (2011). A time-based blended learning model.
On the Horizon. 19(15), 207-216.
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105-119.
Swan, Marie. (Host). (2019). What is brain-based learning? (Audio podcast). Classcraft. https://www.classcraft.com/resources/blog/what-is-brain-based-learning/
Tomlinson, C. & McTighe, J. (2006). In between teaching strategies and learning styles in higher education. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 5 (1), 65-73.
Willingham, D. T. (2009). Why don’t students like school: A cognitive scientist answers questions about how the mind works and what it means for your classroom. Jossey-Bass.
Article 2: Using the Lessons of Learning Science to Improve Medical Education
1. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, (1972) 11(6), 671. 2. Slamecka NJ, Graf P. The generation effect: delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1978;4(6):592–604. 3. Bertsch S, Pesta BJ, Wiscott R, McDaniel MA. The generation effect: a meta-analytic review. Mem Cognit. 2007 Mar; 35(2):201-10. 4. Rosner ZA, Elman JA, Shimamura AP. The generation effect: activating broad neural circuits during memory encoding. Cortex. 2013;49(7):1901-1909. 5. Yates, Frances. The Art of Memory. Routledge and Kegan Paul. UK. 1966. 6. O’Keefe, John, Nadel, Lynn. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Oxford: Oxford University Press. December 7, 1978. 7. Raz A, Packard MG, Alexander GM, Buhle JT, Zhu H, Yu S, Peterson BS. A slice of pi: an exploratory neuroimaging study of digit encoding and retrieval in a superior memorist. Neurocase. 2009 Oct;15(5):361-72. 8. Ebbinghaus H. In: Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Ruger HA, Bussenius CE, Hilgard ER, translators. New York: Dover Publications; 1964. (Original work published in 1885). 9. Dempster FN. The spacing effect: A case study in the failure to apply the results of psychological research. American Psychologist. 1988; 43:627–634. 10. Cepeda NJ, Pashler H, Vul E, Wixted JT, Rohrer D. Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychol Bull. 2006 May; 132(3):354-80. 11. Cepeda NJ, Pashler H, Vul E, Wixted JT, Rohrer D. Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychol Bull. 2006 May; 132(3):354-80. 12. Shea J. B., Morgan R. L. Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem. 1979; 5:179–187 13. Kang S. H. K., Pashler H. Learning painting styles: spacing is advantageous when it promotes discriminative contrast. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 2012;26: 97–103. 14. Taylor K., Rohrer D. The effects of interleaved practice. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 2010; 24:837–848. 15. Gates, A.I. Recitation as a factor in memorizing. Archives of Psychology, 1917;6(40). 16. Spitzer, H.F. Studies in retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1939;30, 641–656. 17. Roediger, Henry & Karpicke, Jeffrey. The Power of Testing Memory, Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science (2006). 18. Reber, R., & Schwarz, N. Effects of perceptual fluency on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 1999;8(3), 338–342. 19. Alter, A.L., Oppenheimer, D.M. Easy on the mind, easy on the wallet: The roles of familiarity and processing fluency in valuation judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, 985–990 (2008). 20. Oppenheimer, D.M. Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: problems with using long words needlessly. Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 2006; 20: 139-156. 21. Diemand-Yauman, C., Oppenheimer, D. M., & Vaughan, E. B. Fortune favors the bold (and the italicized): effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. Cognition, 2011; 118:111–115. 22. Eitel, A., Kühl, T., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. Disfluency meets cognitive load in multimedia learning: does harder-to-read mean better-to-understand? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2014; 28: 488–501. 23. Mueller PA, Oppenheimer DM. The pen is mightier than the keyboard: advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychol Sci. 2014 Jun;25(6):1159-68.
Article 3: The New Normal – Virtual & Hybrid Presentations: Developing Content, Designing Slides, and Delivery Guidelines
1. Kurnoff J, Lazarus L. Everyday Business Storytelling Create, Simplify, and Adapt a Visual Narrative. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2. Rockwood K, Hogan DB, Patterson CJ. Incidence of and risk factors for nodding off at scientific sessions. Canadian Medical Association of its licensors. 2004;12(171):1443-1445. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1041570 3. Duarte Company. The State of Communicating and Presenting Online. 2021. Presenting Virtually, 2021 Survey Report. https://www.duarte.com/resources/virtual-presentations-research-report/ 4. Eyeful Insights Report. The New 'New Normal' Hybrid Presentations. https://eyefulpresentationscom/ Blog. 2022. 5. Costello K, Meghan R. "Gartner Says Worldwide End-User Spending on Cloud-Based Web Conferencing Solutions Will Grow Nearly 25% in 2020". Gartner Inc. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-06-02-gartner-says-worldwide-end-user- spending-on-cloud-based-web-conferencing-solutions-will-grow-nearly-25-percent-in-2020. 6. Garner J, Alley M, Gaudelli A, Zappe S. The common use of PowerPoint versus the assertation- evidence structure: A Cognitive psychology perspective. Technical Communication. 2009;56(4) 7. Reynolds G. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery. New Riders; 2012. 8. Tufte E. Beautiful Evidence. 5th ed. Connecticut: Graphics Press LLC; 2017. 9. Duarte N. Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010. 10. Duarte N. Slide:ology. O'Reilly Media Sebastopol; 2008. 11. Atkinson C. Beyond Bullet Points Using PowerPoint to Tell a Compelling Story That Gets Results. 4th ed. Microsoft Press; 2018. 12. Tingley Presentations. In: LinkedIn, editor. Cindy Tingley; 2022. 13. Gallo C. The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs How to Be Insanely Great in Front of Any Audience. McGraw Hill; 2010. 14. Gibson G. Before The Mic. River Grove Books @ Glenn Gibson; 2021. 15. Gartner-Schmidt, J. 20 18. TEDx Talk: How Our Voices Reveal Anxiety. https://www.ted.com/talks/jackie_gartner_schmidt_how_our_voices_reveal_anxiety. 16. Anderson C. TED Talks The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company; 2017. 17. Sanchez P. Presenting Virtually-Communicate and Connect with Online Audiences. Duarte Press, LLC; 2021. 18. Altman R. Why Most Powerpoint Presentations Suck and How You Can Make Them Better. Fourth Edition, Harvest Books; 2019. 19. Tufte E. Data Visualization Conference. Personal Communication at Conference in Woodley Park, VA, 2017. 20. Alley M. The Craft of Scientific Presentations: Critical Steps to Succeed and Critical Errors to Avoid. 2nd Edition. Springer Science and Business Media Publishing; 2013. 21. Alley M. The Craft of Scientific Presentations. 2 ed. Springer-Verlag; 2013. 22. Google. Microsoft PowerPoint dominates the market with 9 23. Mayer R. Multimedia Learning. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press; 2021. 24. Sweller J. Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning. In: Mayer RA, ed. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning. Cambridge Press; 2005:19-30. 25. Paivio A. Mental Representations. Oxford University Press; 1986. 26. Garner J, Alley M. How the design of presentation slides affects audience comprehension: A case for the assertion-evidence approach. International Journal of Engineering Education. 2013;29(6):1594- 1579. 27. Garner J, Alley M. Slide structure can influence the presenter's understanding of the presentation's content. 2016:39-54. 28. Garner M, Sawarynski L, Alley M, Wolfe K, Zappe S. Assertion-evidence slides appear to lead to better comprehension and retention of complex concepts. Presented at: ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition (American Society of Engineering Educators); 2011; Vancouver. 29. Haims N. The Better Deck Deck. Nolan Haims Creative; 2021. Card deck of 52 alternatives to bullets for slide design. 30. Swinford E, Terberg J. Building PowerPoint Templates. vol v2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication. Copyright @ 2021 by Echo Swinford and Julie Terberg 2021. 31. Gartner-Schmidt J. Voice Is The New Body Language In This Pandemic Virtual Voice World. presented at: Presentation Summit; 2021; Clearwater, Florida. 32. Chen J. Engaging Virtual Meetings. Wiley; 2021:301. 33. Gartner-Schmidt J, Gillespie A. Conversation Training Therapy: Let's Talk It Through. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2021;42(1):32-40. doi:10.1055/2-0040-1722751 34. Gartner-Schmidt J, Gherson S, Hapner ER, et al. The Development of Conversation Training Therapy: A Concept Paper. J Voice. Sep 2016;30(5):563-73. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.06.007 35. Gillespie AI, Yabes J, Rosen CA, Gartner-Schmidt, J. Efficacy of Conversation Training Therapy for Patients With Benign Vocal Fold Lesions and Muscle Tension Dysphonia Compared to Historical Matched Control Patients.: J Speech Lang Hear Res.; 2019. 36. Picheny M, Durlach N, Braida L. Speaking Clearly for the hard of hearing I: Intelligibility differences between clear and conversational speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1985;28(1):96-103. 37. Krause JC, Braida LD. Acoustic properties of naturally produced clear speech at normal speaking rates. J Acoust Soc Am. Jan 2004;115(1):362-78. 38. Gillespie AI, Gartner-Schmidt J. Immediate Effect of Stimulability Assessment on Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Patient-Perceptual Measures of Voice. J Voice. Jul 2016;30(4):507.e9-507.e14. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.06.004 39. Behrman A, Akhund A. The Effect of Loud Voice and Clear Speech on the Use of Vocal Fry in Women. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2016;68(4):159-166. doi:10.1159/000452948 40. MeetingPlay.com. Managing Live Stream Lag: How to Prepare Your Virtual Presenters. 2020. Managing Live Stream Lag: How to Prepare Your Virtual Presenters (meetingplay.com) 41. Hagenaars MA, van Minnen A. The effect of fear on paralinguistic aspects of speech in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Anxiety Disorder. 2005;19:521-537.
Article 4: The Smart Use of Smart Technologies in Teaching and Learning: Where We Are and Where We Need to Be.
1. Edmunds C, Lowe K, Murray M, Seymour A. Historical roots of adult learning principles. In: The Ultimate Educator Achieving Maximum Learning through Training and Instruction. Washington, D.C.: Office for Victims of Crimes; 2002. 2. Singer LM, Alexander PA. Reading across mediums: Effects of reading Digital and print texts on comprehension and calibration. The Journal of Experimental Education. 2017;85(1):155-172. doi:10.1080/00220973.2016.1143794 3. Horrigan JB. Digital Literacy and learning in the United States. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/09/20/digital-readiness-gaps/. Published May 30, 2020. Accessed January 31, 2022. 4. Kearns LR. Student assessment in online learning: Challenges and effective practices. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. 2012, 8(3):198-208. 5. Alexander PA. What research has revealed about readers’ struggles with comprehension in the digital age: Moving beyond the phonics versus whole language debate. Reading Research Quarterly. 2020;55(S1). doi:10.1002/rrq.331 6. Coiro J. Toward a multifaceted heuristic of digital reading to inform assessment, research, practice, and policy. Reading Research Quarterly. 2021;56(1):9-31. doi.org/10.1002/rrq.302 7. Forzani E. How well can students evaluate online science information? Contributions of prior knowledge, gender, socioeconomic status, and offline reading ability. Reading Research Quarterly. 2018;53(4):385-390. doi.org/10.1002/rrq.218 8. Bråten I, Strømsø HI, Salmerón L. Trust and mistrust when students read multiple information sources about climate change. Learning and Instruction. 2011;21(2):180-192. doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.02.002 9. Leu DJ, Maykel C. Thinking in new ways and in new times about reading. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2016;55(2):122-127. doi.org/10.1080/19388071.2016.1135388 10. Sinatra GM, Lombardi D. Evaluating sources of scientific evidence and claims in the posttruth era may require reappraising plausibility judgments. Educational Psychologist. 2020;55(3):120-131. doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1730181 11. Dalton B, Proctor CP. The changing landscape of text and comprehension in the age of new literacies. Handbook of research on new literacies. 2008:297-324. 12. Alexander PA, The Disciplined Reading and Learning Research Laboratory. Reading into the future: Competence for the 21st century. Educational Psychologist. 2012;47(4):259-280. doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722511 13. Cho BY, Afflerbach P. Reading on the Internet: Realizing and constructing potential texts. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 2015;58(6):504-517. doi.org/10.1002/jaal.387 14. Singer Trakhman, LM Reading in print and digitally: Profiling and intervening in undergraduates’ multimodal text processing, comprehension, and calibration (Dissertation). 2019. doi.org/10.13016/msqn-60er 15. Erschens R, Keifenheim KE, Herrmann-Werner A, Loda T, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Bugaj TJ, Nikendei C, Huhn D, Zipfel S, Junne F. Professional burnout among medical students: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Medical teacher. 2019;41(2):172-83. doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1457213 16. Pettitt-Schieber B, Kuo M, Steehler A. Implementation and evaluation of eight virtual surgical electives for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Surgery. 2021;222(2):248-253. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.01.032 17. Steehler AJ, Pettitt-Schieber B, Studer MB, Mahendran G, Pettitt BJ, Henriquez OA. Implementation and evaluation of a virtual elective in otolaryngology in the time of covid-19. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2020;164(3):556-561. doi:10.1177/0194599820951150 18. Dumford AD, Miller AL. Online learning in higher education: Exploring advantages and disadvantages for engagement. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. 2018;30(3):452-65. doi.org/10.1007/s12528- 018-9179-z 19. Galbraith RM, Hawkins RE, Holmboe ES. Making self-assessment more effective. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2008;28(1):20-24. doi.org/10.1002/chp.151 20. Giulia Cataldo M, Oakhill J. Why are poor comprehenders inefficient searchers? An investigation into the effects of text representation and spatial memory on the ability to locate information in text. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2000;92(4):791-799. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.791 21. Zechmeister EB, McKillip J. Recall of place on the page. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1972;63(5): 446–453. doi.org/10.1037/h0033249 22. Singer Trakhman, LM, Alexander, PA, & Berkowitz, LE. Effects of processing time on comprehension and calibration in print and digital mediums. The Journal of Experimental Education. 2019,87(1): 101-115. doi.org/10.1080/00220 973.2017.1411877 23. Singer Trakhman LM, Alexander PA, Silverman AB. Profiling reading in print and digital mediums. Learning and Instruction. 2018;57:5-17. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.04.001 24. Matei A. Shock! horror! do you know how much time you spend on your phone? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/aug/21/cellphone-screen-time-average-habits#:∼:text=Shock!-,Horror!,35_full_days_a_year. Published August 21, 2019. Accessed January 31, 2022. 25. Pea R, Nass C, Meheula L, Rance M, Kumar A, Bamford H, Nass M, Simha A, Stillerman B, Yang S, Zhou M. Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well- being among 8-to 12-year-old girls. Developmental Psychology. 2012;48(2): 327–336. doi.org/10.1037/a0027030. 26. Rideout VJ, Foehr UG, Roberts DF. Generation m 2: Media in the lives of 8-to 18-year-olds. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2010 Jan. 27. Rosen LD, Whaling K, Carrier LM, Cheever NA, Rokkum J. The media and technology usage and attitudes scale: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013;29(6):2501-2511. doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006 28. Wasserman JA, Kononova A, Moldovan T, Cotten SR. A pilot study examining the effects of educational setting and stress on multitasking among medical students. Medical Science Educator. 2019;29(1):139-148. doi.org/10.1007/s40670-018-00648-3 29. Ventola CL. Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2014;39(7):491-499, 520. 30. Alexander PA. Information management versus knowledge building: Implications for learning and assessment in higher education. In Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia O, Toepper M, Pant HA, Lautenbach C, Kuhn C, eds. Assessment of Learning Outcomes in Higher Education: Cross National Comparisons and Perspectives. Springer; 2018:43-56. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74338-7_3 31. Alexander, PA. The interplay of knowledge, strategies, and interest in the development of expertise within professions. In Glückler J, Winch, C, Punstein AM eds. Professions and Proficiency Springer; in press 32. Alexander, PA. Relational reasoning in STEM domains: A foundation for academic development. Educational Psychology Review. 2017;29:1-10. doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016- 9383-1 33. Schmidt WH, Houang R, Cogan LS. Preparing future math teachers. Science. 2011;332(6035):1266-1267. doi:10.1126/science.1193855 34. Alexander, PA, Knight, SL. Dimensions of the interplay between learning and teaching. Educational Forum. 1993; 57(3): 232-245. doi.org/10.1080/00131729309335422 35. Brown JS, Collins A, Duguid P. Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher. 1989;18(1):32-42. doi.org/10.3102/0013189X018001032 36. Bolkan S. Instructor clarity, generative processes, and mastery goals: examining the effects of signaling on student learning. Communication Education. 2017;66(4):385-401. doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2017.1313438 37. Schwartz AC, Cotes RO, Kim J, Ward MC, Manning KD. Bite-sized teaching: Engaging the modern learner in psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry. 2019;43(3):315-318. doi:10.1007/s40596- 018-1014-3 38. Kotsis SV, Chung KC. Application of the “see one, do one, teach one” concept in surgical training. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2013;131(5):1194-1201. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318287a0b3 39. Schmidt HG, Vermeulen L, Van der Molen HT. Longterm effects of problem-based learning: a comparison of competencies acquired by graduates of a problem-based and a conventional medical school. Medical education. 2006;40(6):562-7. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2929.2006.02483.x 40. McLean SF. Case-based learning and its application in medical and health-care fields: a review of worldwide literature. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development. 2016;3:JMECD-S20377. doi.org/10.4137/JMECD.S20377 41. Murad MH, Coto-Yglesias F, Varkey P, Prokop LJ, Murad AL. The effectiveness of self-directed learning in health professions education: a systematic review. Medical Education. 2010;44(11):1057-1068. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03750.x 42. Dyche L, Epstein RM. Curiosity and medical education. Medical Education. 2011;45(7):663-8. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.03944.x
Article 5: An Introduction to the Cornell Note System
1. Foucault, Michel (1997). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. New York: The New Press. p. 273. 2. Kiewra KA. A review of note-taking: The encoding storage paradigm and beyond. Educ Psychol Rev. 1989;2(1):147-172. 3. Pyörälä E, Mäenpää S, Heinonen L, Folger D, Masalin T, Hervonen H. The art of note taking with mobile devices in medical education. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):96. Published 2019 Apr 2. doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1529-7 4. Pauk, Walter; Owens, Ross J. Q. (2010). How to Study in College (10 ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1-4390-8446-5. Chapter 10: “The Cornell System: Take Effective Notes”, pp. 235-277 5. Gierdowski, D.C. (2019). 2019 Study of undergraduate students and information technology. Educause. October 30, 2019. Accessed April 3, 2020. 6. Fried, C. B., In-class laptop use and its eVects on student learning, Computers & Educa tion (2007), doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.006 7. Ravizza SM, Uitvlugt MG, Fenn KM. Logged In and Zoned Out. Psychol Sci. 2017 Feb;28(2):171-180. doi: 10.1177/0956797616677314. Epub 2016 Dec 20. PMID: 28182528. 8. Unstructured Personal Technology Use in the Classroom and College Student Learning: A Literature Review.." The Free Library. 2018 Schoolcraft College Apr. 21, 2022 9. Foulin, J.-N. (1995). Pauses et débits: Les indicateurs temporels de la production écrite [Pauses and rates: The temporal parameters of writing]. L'Année Psychologique, 95(3), 483–504. 10. Mueller PA, Oppenheimer DM. The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychological Science. 2014;25(6):1159-1168. 11. Richard R. Hake "Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses", American Journal of Physics 66, 64-74 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.18809
Article 6: Spaced Effect Learning and Blunting the Forgetfulness Curve
1. IRIS | Providing Instructional Supports: Facilitating Mastery of New Skills. The IRIS Center. https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/sca/. Published 2005. Accessed April 22, 2022. 2. Miller GA. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev. 1956;63(2):81-97. Accessed April 3, 2022. 3. Ebbinghaus H. Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Ann Neurosci. 2013;20(4):155-156. doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200408. Accessed April 3, 2022. 4. Murre JMJ, Dros J. Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0120644. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120644. Accessed April 5, 2022. 5. Roediger HL, Karpicke JD. Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(3):249-255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x. Accessed April 3, 2022. 6. Larsen DP, Butler AC, Roediger III HL. Repeated testing improves long-term retention relative to repeated study: a randomised controlled trial. Med Educ. 2009;43(12):1174-1181. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2923.2009.03518.x. Accessed April 10, 2022. 7. Kornell N, Hays MJ, Bjork RA. Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009;35(4):989-998. doi:10.1037/a0015729. Accessed April 7, 2022. 8. Roediger HL, Butler AC. The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15(1):20-27. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003. Accessed April 3, 2022. 9. Qstream Microlearning Solution - Transform Learning to Change Behaviors. Qstream. https://qstream.com/the-qstream-way/. Published 2022. Accessed April 10, 2022. 10. How Microlearning Can Improve Your Training Program. Qstream. https://qstream.com/how-microlearning-is-used/. Published 2022. Accessed April 10, 2022. 11. Kondratjew H, Kahrens M. Leveraging experiential learning training through spaced learning. J Work- Appl Manag. 2019;11(1): 30–52. doi:10.1108/jwam-05-2018-0011. Accessed April 3, 2022. 12. Qstream Broad Industry Experience - E-Learning Industry. Qstream. https://qstream.com/industries/. Published 2022. Accessed April 10, 2022. 13. Versteeg M, Hendriks RA, Thomas A, Ommering BWC, Steendijk P. Conceptualising spaced learning in health professions education: A scoping review. Med Educ. 2020;54:205– 216. doi:10.1111/medu.14025. Accessed April 15, 2022 14. AnkiDroid Flashcards - Apps on Google Play. Google Play. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ichi2.anki&hl=en&gl=US. Published 2021. Accessed April 22, 2022. 15. Lu M, Farhat JH, Beck Dallaghan GL. Enhanced Learning and Retention of Medical Knowledge Using the Mobile Flash card Application Anki. Med Sci Educ. 2021;31(6):1975-1981. doi:10.1007/s40670- 021-01386-9. Accessed April 15, 2022. 16. Kerfoot BP, DeWolf WC, Masser BA, Church PA, Federman DD. Spaced education improves the retention of clinical knowledge by medical students: a randomised controlled trial. Med Educ. 2007;41(1):23-31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02644.x. Accessed April 7, 2022. 17. Kerfoot BP. Adaptive Spaced Education Improves Learning Efficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Urol. 2010;183(2):678-681. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.10.005. Accessed April 7, 2022. 18. Lambers A, Talia AJ. Spaced Repetition Learning as a Tool for Orthopedic Surgical Education: A Prospective Cohort Study on a Training Examination. J Surg Educ. 2021;78(1):134-139. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.002. Accessed April 15, 2022. 19. Barsoumian AE, Yun HC. Augmenting Fellow Education Through Spaced Multiple-Choice Questions. Military Medicine. 2017;183(1–2):e122–e126. doi:10.1093/milmed/usx020. Accessed April 21, 2022. 20. Kerfoot BP, Fu Y, Baker H, Connelly D, Ritchey ML, Genega EM. Online Spaced Education Generates Transfer and Improves Long-Term Retention of Diagnostic Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(3):331-337.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.023. Accessed April 7, 2022. 21. Matos J, Petri CR, Mukamal KJ, Vanka A. Spaced education in medical residents: An electronic intervention to improve competency and retention of medical knowledge. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181418. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181418. Accessed April 20, 2022. 22. Matzie KA, Kerfoot BP, Hafler JP, Breen EM. Spaced education improves the feedback that surgical residents give to medical students: a randomized trial. Am J Surg. 2009;197(2):252-257. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.01.025. Accessed April 8, 2022. 23. Boettcher J, Klippgen L, Mietzsch S, et al. Spaced Education Improves the Retention of Laparoscopic Suturing Skills: A Randomized Controlled Study. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2020;30(2):193-200. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1681022. Accessed April 17, 2022. 24. Kuperstock JE, Horný M, Platt MP. Mobile app technology is associated with improved otolaryngology resident in-service performance. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(1):E15-E20. doi:10.1002/lary.27299. Accessed April 22, 2022. 25. Dabiri S, Mohammadi A, Mojtahedzadeh R. The effect of test-enhanced spaced learning on the otolaryngology board and annual examination results: A quasi-experimental study. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2019;7(3):131-137. doi:10.30476/JAMP.2019.74696. Accessed April 20, 2022. 26. Andersen SAW, Konge L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Learning Curves of Virtual Mastoidectomy in Distributed and Massed Practice. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 2015;141(10):913-918. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.1563. Accessed April 22, 2022. 27. OTO Quest. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). https://www.entnet.org/education/oto-quest/. Published 2021. Accessed April 20, 2022. 28. Smith RV. Education Program. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). https://www.entnet.org/about-us/aao-hns-foundation/125-strong-campaign/125-strong-funds/education-program/. Published 2021. Accessed April 22, 2022.
Article 7: Building Surgical Expertise through Deliberate Practice
1. Bloom BS, Sosniak LA. Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballentine Books; 1985. 2. Hastings RH, Rickard TC. Deliberate Practice for Achieving and Maintaining Expertise in Anesthesiology. Anesth & Analg. 2015; 120 (2): 449-459. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000526. 3. Ericsson KA, Krampe RT, Tesch-Römer C. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review. 1993;100(3):363-406. doi:10.1037/0033- 295x.100.3.363 4. Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(10):S70-S81. doi:10.1097/00001888-200410001- 00022 5. Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: a general overview. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):988-994. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x 6. Längler M, Nivala M, Brouwer J, Gruber H. Quality of network support for the deliberate practice of popular musicians. Musicae Scientiae. 2020;26(1):185-207. doi:10.1177/1029864920938451 7. Coughlan EK, Williams AM, McRobert AP, Ford PR. How experts practice: A novel test of deliberate practice theory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2014;40(2):449-458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034302 8. McKinney EH Jr, Davis KJ. Effects of deliberate practice on crisis decision performance. Hum Factors. 2003;45(3):436-444. doi:10.1518/hfes.45.3.436.27251 9. Choy I, Okrainec A. Simulation in surgery: perfecting the practice. Surg Clin North Am. 2010;90(3):457- 473. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.02.011 10. Babineau TJ, Becker J, Gibbons G, et al. The "Cost" of Operative Training for Surgical Residents. Arch Surg. 2004;139(4):366–370. doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.4.366 11. Wang WN, Melkonian MG, Marshall R, Haluck RS. Postgraduate year does not influence operating time in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Surg Res. 2001;101(1):1-3. doi:10.1006/jsre.2001.6252 12. Higgins M, Madan CR, Patel R. Deliberate Practice in Simulation-Based Surgical Skills Training: A Scoping Review. J Surg Educ. 2021;78(4):1328-1339. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.11.008 13. Hashimoto DA, Sirimanna P, Gomez ED, et al. Deliberate practice enhances quality of laparoscopic surgical performance in a randomized controlled trial: from arrested development to expert performance. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(11):3154-3162. doi:10.1007/s00464-014-4042-4 14. Nesbitt JC, St Julien J, Absi TS, et al. Tissue-based coronary surgery simulation: medical student deliberate practice can achieve equivalency to senior surgery residents. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145(6):1453-1459. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.02.048 15. Kloek CE, Borboli-Gerogiannis S, Chang K, et al. A broadly applicable surgical teaching method: evaluation of a stepwise introduction to cataract surgery. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(2):169-175. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.07.007 16. Blackhall VI, Cleland J, Wilson P, Moug SJ, Walker KG. Barriers and facilitators to deliberate practice using take-home laparoscopic simulators. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(9):2951-2959. doi:10.1007/s00464- 018-6599-9 17. Gauthier S, Cavalcanti R, Goguen J, Sibbald M. Deliberate practice as a framework for evaluating feedback in residency training. Med Teach. 2015;37(6):551-557. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2014.956059 18. Myer CM 4th, Jabbour N. Advanced Pediatric Airway Simulation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017;50(5):923-931. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2017.05.004 19. Musbahi O, Aydin A, Al Omran Y, Skilbeck CJ, Ahmed K. Current Status of Simulation in Otolaryngology: A Systematic Review. J Surg Educ. 2017;74(2):203-215. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.09.007 20. Andersen SA, Konge L, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Learning Curves of Virtual Mastoidectomy in Distributed and Massed Practice. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;141(10):913-918. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.1563 21. Andersen SA. Virtual reality simulation training of mastoidectomy - studies on novice performance. Dan Med J. 2016;63(8):B5277. 22. Ahmed A, Ahmad M, Stewart CM, Francis HW, Bhatti NI. Effect of distractions on operative performance and ability to multitask--a case for deliberate practice. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(4):837- 841. doi:10.1002/lary.24856 23. Andersen SA, Konge L, Mikkelsen PT, Cayé-Thomasen P, Sørensen MS. Mapping the plateau of novices in virtual reality simulation training of mastoidectomy. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(4):907-914. doi:10.1002/lary.26000 24. Malik MU, Varela DA, Park E, et al. Determinants of resident competence in mastoidectomy: role of interest and deliberate practice. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(12):3162-3167. doi:10.1002/lary.24179