Evidence that Otitis Media is not a Biofilm Disease

Fergie N , Bayston R , Pearson JP , Birchall JP . Is otitis media with effusion a biofilm infection? Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2004;29(1):38–46.

Bluestone CD , ed. Pediatric Otolaryngology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2003.

Rosenfeld RM , Culpepper L , Doyle KJ , ; American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Otitis Media with Effusion; American Academy of Family Physicians; American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. Clinical practice guideline: Otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130(5 Suppl):S95–118.

Hong W , Mason K , Jurcisek J , Phosphorylcholine decreases early inflammation and promotes the establishment of stable biofilm communities of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain 86-028NP in a chinchilla model of otitis media. Infect Immun 2007;75(2):958–65.

Ebert SC , Craig WA . Pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics: Application to drug monitoring and dosage regimen design. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11(6):319–26.

McLoughlin GA , Hede JE , Temple JG , The role of IgA in the prevention of bacterial colonization of the jejunum in the vagotomized subject. Br J Surg 1978;65(6):435–7.

Thompson SG , Burd JF . Substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay for amikacin in human serum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;18(2):264–8.

Lafontaine ER , Wall D , Vanlerberg SL , Moraxella catarrhalis coaggregates with Streptococcus pyogenes and modulates interactions of 5. pyogenes with human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004;72(11):6689–93.

Takata G. Chan LS , Mangione-Smith RM , Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Diagnosis, natural history, and late effects of otitis media with effusion. Evidence report/technology assessment No. 55, AHRQ Publication No. 03-E023. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: 2003.

Burke P , Bain J , Robinson D , Dunleavey J. Acute red ear in children: Controlled trial of non-antibiotic treatment in general practice. BMJ 1991;303(6802):558–62.

Bluestone CD , Doyle WJ . Eustachian tube function: Physiology and role in otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1985;94:1–60.

Dohar JE , Hebda PA , Veeh R , Mucosal biofilm formation on middle-ear mucosa in a nonhuman primate model of chronic suppurative otitis media. Laryngoscope 2005;115(8):1469–72.

Coates H. Chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. In: Alper CM , Bluestone CD , eds. Advanced Therapy of Otitis Media. Hamilton, Ont.; London: B.C. Decker; 2004:299–305.

Wintermeyer SM , Nahata MC . Chronic suppurative otitis media. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28(9):1089–99.

Dall'Antonia M , Coen PG , Wilks M , Competition between methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the anterior nares. J Hosp Infect 2005;61(1):62–7.

Bergh AE , ed. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States; 1907:74.

Simpson JB . Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1988.