Abstract

References
1.
Sperandio
M
,
Tutuian
R
,
Gideon
RM
, . Diffuse esophageal spasm: Not diffuse but distal esophageal spasm (DES) . Dig Dis Sci 2003 ;48 (7 ): 1380 –4 .
2.
Tutuian
R
,
Castell
DO.
Esophageal motility disorders (distal esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter): Modern management . CurrTreat Options Gastroenterol 2006 ;9 (4 ):283 –94 .
