Traveling without sight presents challenges and, for some individuals, significant limitations. This article traces the historical development of two movements—orientation and mobility training and environmental modifications to increase access—that strive to reduce those limitations.
BledsoeC.W. (1980). Originators of orientation and mobility training. In WelshR.L., & BlaschB.B. (Eds.), Foundations of orientation and mobility (pp. 581–624). New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
3.
CoonN. (1959). A brief history of dog guides for the blind.Morristown, NJ: Seeing Eye.
4.
FranckL., HanelineR., and WhitstockR.H. (in press). Dog guides. In BlaschB.B., WienerW., WelshR.L. (Eds.), Foundations of orientation and mobility (rev. ed.). New York: AFB Press.
5.
FraserI. (1930, February). The quest of independence.St. Dunstan's Review, XIV, 6–10.
6.
HooverR.E. (1946). Foot travel without sight.Outlook for the Blind and the Teachers Forum, 40, 244–251.
7.
KoestlerF.A. (1976). The unseen minority.New York: David McKay.
8.
LevyW.H. (1949). On the blind walking alone, and of guides.Outlook for the Blind and the Teachers Forum, 43, 106–110. (Original work published 1872)
9.
MartinP. (1991). We serve: A history of the Lions Club.Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway.
10.
SteinfeldD., DuncanJ., and CardellP. (1977). Towards a responsive environment: The psychosocial effects of inaccessibility. In BednarM.J. (Ed.), Barrier-free environments (pp. 7–16). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchingson & Ross.
11.
SturgisR. (1913). The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind at Watertown, Massachusetts.Brickbuilder and Architectural Monthly, 22(7), 154–157.
