Teachers of visually handicapped children are seeing an increased frequency in referrals of young, multiply handicapped children with cortical visual impairment. The use of the residual visual capacity in these children is related to their ability to neurologically process and understand environmental sensory information. The complex interaction of the visual process, central nervous system functioning, and environmental stimuli has major implications for effective educational planning.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AcredoloL., AdamsA., & GoodwynS. (1984). The role of self-produced movement and visual tracking in infant spatial orientation.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 312–327.
2.
AlsH., & DuffyF. (1982). The behavior of the fetal newborn: Theoretical considerations and practical suggestions for the use of the APIB. in WaldsteinA. (ed.). Issues in Neonatal Care (pp. 19–45). Chapel Hill, NC: Technical Assistance Development System (ERIC No. ED 224588).
3.
AnwarF. (1986). Cognitive deficit and motor skill. In EllisD. (ed.). Sensory impairment in mentally handicapped people (pp. 169–183). San Diego, CA: College Hill Press, Inc.
4.
BarnardK., & BeeH. (1983). The impact of temporally patterned stimulation on the development of preterm infants.Journal of Child Development, 54, 1156–1167.
BlaschB. (1983). Discussion in response to R. Jackson, The importance of perceptual activity in the development of visually handicapped infants and preschoolers. In MulhollandM., & WursterM. (eds.). Help me become everything I can be (pp. 72–74). Proceedings of the 1978 North American Conference on Visually Handicapped Infants and Preschool Children. Minneapolis. AFB: New York.
7.
BrazeltonB. (1982). Assessment in early infancy as an intervention. In WaldsteinA. (ed.). Issues in Neonatal Care (pp. 1–18). Chapel Hill, NC: Technical Assistance Development System (ERIC No. ED 224588).
8.
CoganD. (1966). Neurology of the visual system.Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
9.
CornA. (1983). Visual Function: A theoretical model for individuals with low vision.Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 77, 373–377.
10.
DamasioA. (1985). Prosopagnosia.Trends in Neuro-Science.132–135.
11.
FieberN. (1978). The profoundly handicapped child: Assessing sensorimotor and communication abilities (Working Papers in Developmental Disabilities) Omaha: Nebraska University, Meyer Children's Rehabilitation Institute (ERIC No. ED 235656).
12.
FreidesD. (1974). Human information processing and sensory modality: Cross-modal functions, information complexity, memory, and deficit.Psychological Bulletin, 81, 284–310.
13.
GaarderK. (1975). Eye movements; vision and behavior.New York: J. Wiley.
GomoriA., & HawrylukG. (1984). Visual agnosia without alexia.Neurology, 34, 947–950.
16.
GorskiP., DavisonM., & BrazeltonT. (1980). Stages of behavioral organization in the high-risk neonate: Theoretical and clinical considerations. In TaylorP. (ed.). Parent-infant relationships (pp. 269–289). NY: Grune & Stratton.
17.
HaithM. (1986). Sensory and perceptual processes in early infancy.The Journal of Pediatrics, 1, 158–171.
18.
HeinerD. (1980). Mannerisms: A preschool practitioner's point of view.Education of the Visually Handicapped, 12, 38–44.
19.
HoytC. (1986). Cortical blindness in infancy. In CrawfordJ., FlynnJ., HaikB., HelvestonE., HoytC., JampolskyA., ParksM., & ScottW. (eds.). Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology (pp. 235–241). New York: Raven Press.
20.
HyvarinenL., & LindstedtE. (1981). Assessment of vision in children.Stockholm: SRF Tal & Punkt.
21.
JanJ. (Feb. 12, 1988). British Columbia: Children's Hospital. Personal communication with the author.
22.
JanJ. (Oct., 1988). Cortical visual impairment. Presentation at the Sixth Canadian Interdisciplinary Conference Halifax, Nova Scotia.
23.
JanJ., FarrellK., WongP., & McCormickA. (1986). Eye and head movements of visually impaired children.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 28, 285–293.
KootzJ., MarinelliB., & CohenD. (1982). Modulation of response to environmental stimulation in autistic children.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 185–193.
26.
LindstedtE. (N.D.). How well does a child see? A guide for parents, attendants, teachers.Stockholm: Elisyn.
27.
MasiW. (1979). Supplemental stimulation of the premature infant. In FieldT., SostekA., GoldbergS., & ShumanH. (eds.). Infants born at risk (pp. 367–387). New York: Spectrum Publications.
MerrillM., & KewmanD. (1986). Training of color and form identification in cortical blindness: A case study.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67, 479–483.
30.
MurphyK., & ByrneD. (1981). The blind–deaf multiply disabled infant.Early management of hearing loss (pp. 369–426). New York: Grune & Stratton.
31.
PippS., & HaithM. (1984). Infant visual responses to pattern: Which metric predicts best?Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 373–399.
RoseS. (1983). Differential rates of visual information processing in full-term and preterm infants.Child Development, 54, 1189–1198.
34.
RoseS., GottfriedA., & BridgerW. (1983). Infants’ cross-modal transfer from solid objects to their graphic representations.Child Development, 54, 686–694.
35.
RoseS., & WallaceI. (1985). Cross-modal and intranodal transfer as predictors of mental development in full term and preterm infants.Developmental Psychology, 21, 949–962.
36.
ThomanE., & GrahamS. (1986). Self-regulation of stimulation by premature infants.Pediatrics, 78, 855–860.
37.
TreismanA. (1986). Features and objects in visual processing.Scientific American, 255, 114B–125.
38.
ValverdeF. (1985). The organizing principles of the primary visual cortex in the monkey. In PetersA., & JonesE. (eds.). Cerebral cortex, Vol. 3: Visual cortex (pp. 207–252). New York: Plenum Publishing,
39.
van DijkJ. (N.A.). The non-verbal deaf–blind child and his outgrowth toward the world of symbols.The Netherlands.
40.
Van EssenD. (1985). Functional organization of primate visual cortex. In PetersA., & JonesE. (eds.). Cerebral cortex, Vol. 3: Visual cortex (pp. 259–320). New York: Plenum Publishing.
41.
Van Hof-Van DuinJ., & MohnG. (1984). Visual defects in children after cerebral hypoxia.Behavioural Brain Research, 14, 147–155.
WalshR., & CumminsR. (1976). Neural responses to therapeutic sensory environments.Environments as therapy for brain dysfunction (pp. 171–200). New York: Plenum Publishing.
44.
WeiskrantzL. (1980). Varieties of residual experience.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 365–386.
45.
WhitingS., JanJ., WongP., FlodmarkO., FarrellK., & McCormickA. (1985). Permanent cortical visual impairment in children.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 27, 730–739.
46.
WitelsonS. (1985). On hemisphere specialization and cerebral plasticity from birth: Mark II. In BestC. (eds.). Hemispheric function and collaboration in the child (pp. 33–85). New York: Academic Press.
47.
WolintzA. (1976). Essentials of clinical neuroophthalmology.Boston: Little, Brown.