Recent research indicates that braille letters, like print letters, are detected more rapidly and accurately in words than in nonwords (nonsense collections of letters). Thus, neither the word nor the individual letters dominate perception; instead, word and letter form a mutually beneficial partnership. The authors explore the implications for teaching braille readers and suggest that practice in character recognition in word contexts will enhance reading skill.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CatonH.A primary reading program for beginning braille readers.Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 1979, 73, 309–313.
2.
FoulkeE.Reading braille. In SchiffW., FoulkeE. (eds.), Tactual perception: A sourcebook.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
3.
HarleyR. K., HendersonF. M., and TruanM. B.The teaching of braille reading.Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1979.
4.
JuolaJ. F., SchadlerM., ChabotR. J., and McCaugheyM. W.The development of visual information processing skills related to reading.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology., 1978, 25, 459–476.
5.
KruegerL. E.Effect of frequency of display on speed of visual search.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, 84, 495–498 (a).
6.
KruegerL. E.Search time in a redundant visual display.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, 83, 391–399 (b).
7.
KruegerL. E.Familiarity effects in visual information processing.Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 949–974.
8.
KruegerL. E.A word-superiority effect with print and braille characters.–erception & Psychophysics, 1982, 31, 345–352.
9.
KruegerL. E., KeenR. H., and RublevichB.Letter search through words and nonwords by adults and fourth-grade children.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974, 102, 845–849.
10.
KučeraH., and FrancisW. N.Computational analysis of present-day American English.Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1967.
11.
KusajimaT.Visual reading and braille reading: An experimental investigation of the physiology and psychology of visual and tactual reading.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1974.
12.
LoomisJ. M.On the tangibility of letters and braille.Perception & Psychophysics, 1981, 29, 37–46.
13.
LowenfeldB., AbelG. L., and HatlenP. H.Blind children learn to read.Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1969.
NolanC. Y., and KederisC. J.Perceptual factors in braille word recognition. (Research Series No. 20) New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1969.
16.
OlsonM. R.Guidelines and games for teaching efficient braille reading.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1981.
17.
SchneiderW., and ShiffrinR. M.Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 1–66.
18.
ShiffrinR. M., and SchneiderW.Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory.Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 127–190.
19.
SimonH.A.The construction of social science models. In LazarsfeldP. F. (ed.), Mathematical thinking in the social sciences.Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1954.
20.
ThorndikeE. L., and LorgeI.The teacher's word book of 30,000 words.New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1944.
21.
WardM. E., and McCormickS.Reading instruction for blind and low vision children in the regular classroom.The Reading Teacher, 1981, 34, 434–444.