Three nonverbal (or coverbal) behaviors that accompany interpersonal communication—nodding the head, smiling, and raising the eyebrows—were investigated during interviews with 60 blind and sighted school children. The interviews were videotaped, and the frequency and duration of each behavior was measured. Differences between the two groups and the study's implications for kinesic training of blind individuals are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndrewsR.J.The origin and evolution of the calls and facial expressions of primates.Behavior, 1963, 20, 101–109.
2.
BirdwhistellR.L.Kinesics and context.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
3.
BranniganC., and HumphriesD.I see what you mean.New Scientist, 1969, 42, 406–408.
EibesfeldtE.I.Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In HindeR. (Ed.), Nonverbal communication.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
6.
EkmanP., and FriesenW.V.Measuring facial movement.Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1976, 1(1), 56–75.
7.
McCroskeyJ., LarsonC., and KnappM.An introduction to interpersonal communication.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
8.
RoosenfeldtH.Instrumental affiliative functions of facial and gestural expressions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 4, 65–72.
9.
RuebanS.E., MeansB.L., RiceB.D., BozarthG.D., and MilliganG.T.Facilitative case management.Fayetteville: Arkansas Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, University of Arkansas, 1974.
10.
van HoofJ.A.R.A.M.A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling. In HindeR. (Ed.), Nonverbal communication.Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1972.