Braille has been the primary reading system for blind persons for over a century. This article traces the often stormy history of braille, the effects of teaching trends upon it, and the implications new innovations have for its future.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AshcroftS. C.Programmed instruction in braille.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1961, 11, (2), 46–50.
2.
BentonC., and EllisA.Teaching reading to beginning students.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1956, 5, (4), 88–90.
3.
BondG., and DykstraR.Coordinating center for 1st grade reading instruction programs. (Final Report, U.S. Dept. of HEW, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1967).
4.
BurklenK.Touch reading of the blind.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1932.
ClineC. S., and CardinaleJ.Braille Reading: A Review of Research.Education of the Visually Handicapped, March, 1971.
7.
CrandallJ. M., and WallaceD. H.Speed reading in braille: An empirical study.New Outlook for the Blind, 1974, 68, (1), 13–19.
8.
CroninB.New technique using braille to teach print reading to dyslexia children.New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66, (3).
9.
DupressJ. K.Braille research and development: Progress and predictions.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1966, 15, (3), 74–78.
10.
ElmsH.Short cuts in learning braille.Education of the Blind, 1959, 9, (1), 4–9.
11.
FertschP.An analysis of braille reading.New Outlook for the Blind, 1946, 40, 128–131.
12.
FitzgeraldJ. A., and FitzgeraldP. G.Fundamentals of reading instruction.Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1967.
13.
FoulkeE.Transfer of a complex perceptional skill.Perceptional and Motor Skills, 1964, 18, 733–740.
14.
FoulkeE.Non-visual communication: Reading by touch VIII.Education of the Visually Handicapped, 1970, 2, (3), 87–88.
15.
FoulkeE.Non-visual communication: Reading by touch IX.Education of the Visually Handicapped, 1970, 2, (4), 122–124.
16.
FramptonM. E. (Ed.) Education of the blind.Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.: World Book Co., 1940.
17.
GrayL.Teaching children to read.New York: Ronald Press Co., 1963.
18.
HanleyL. F.A brief review of the research on braille reading.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1961, 10, (3), 65–70.
19.
HarleyR. F., and RawlsR.Comparison of several approaches for teaching braille reading to blind children.Education of the Visually Handicapped, May, 1970.
20.
HeidomJ. H.The development and testing of an embossed notation system as a method of teaching motor skills to blind children.Ohio State University, Doctoral Dissertation, 1968.
21.
HendersonF.Understanding our limitations in a functional education for blind children.New Outlook for the Blind, 1954, 48, 10, 347–353.
22.
HildrethG.Teaching reading: A guide to basic principles and modern practices.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1958.
23.
HoehnR. M.Guide for supplementing the blind child's spelling program. Master's Thesis, Illinois State University1966.
24.
JiggettsH.When should braille be taught?International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1956, 5, (3), 70–72.
KenmoreJ. R.Enrichment of the primary reading program in the resource room.New Outlook for the Blind, 1957, 51, 56–64.
27.
LiguoriM.Building reading readiness in blind children.New Outlook for the Blind, 1956, 50, (8), 295–302.
28.
LindquistB., and TrowaldN. (Eds.) European conference on education research for the visually handicapped.Uppsala University (Sweden), Institute of Education, 1972.
29.
LowenfeldB. (Ed.) The visually handicapped child in school.New York: John Day Co., 1973.
30.
LowenfeldB., AbelF. L., and HatlenP. H.Blind children learn to read.Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1969.
31.
MackintoshH. K. (Ed.) Current approaches to teaching reading.Washington, D.C.: American Association of Elementary, Kindergarten, Nursery Educators, National Education Association.
32.
MaxfieldK. E.The blind child and his reading: A handbook for teachers of primary braille reading.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1928.
33.
McBrideV. G.Explorations in rapid reading in braille.New Outlook for the Blind, 1974, 68, (1), 8–12.
34.
MillerG.The teaching of braille reading.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1955, 4, (4), 69–71.
35.
MisbachD. L.A reading program for little blind childrenNew Outlook for the Blind, 1954, 48(7), 218–222.
36.
MorrisJ. E., and NolanC. Y.Discriminability of factual patterns.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1961, 11, (2), 50–54.
37.
NapierG. D.A writing vocabulary study relative to braille contractions to be mastered by primary level children.Education of the Visually Handicapped, 1973, 5, (3), 74–78.
38.
NolanC. Y.Bibliography for research on braille.Louisville, Ky.: American Printing House for the Blind, 1971.
39.
NolanC. Y., and KederisC. J.Perceptual factors in braille word recognition.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1969.
40.
PittanV. G.Reading readiness.New Outlook for the Blind, 1965, 59, (9), 322–324.
41.
RawlsR. F.Use of braille and print reading material in schools for the blind.Education of the Blind, 1961, 11, (1), 10–14.
42.
RawlsR. F., and LewisE. E.Braille writing in schools and day classes for the blind in the U.S.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1961, 11, (2), 42–46.
43.
RexE. J.A study of basal readers and experimental supplementary instructional materials for teaching primary reading in braille.Education for the Visually Handicapped, Dec., 1970.
44.
SchmidtE. H.Teaching reading by use of word games.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1958, 8, (2), 46–59.
45.
SteeleN. W.Learning by blind children of low ability: The relative efficiency of reading and listening.George Peabody College for Teaching, Doctoral Dissertation, 1969.
46.
StricklandH. C.Braille at Royers Greaves School for the Blind.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1952, 1, (3), 61–62.
47.
TroxelD. E.Experiments in tactile and visual reading. Unpublished manuscript, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
48.
TuttleD. W.A comparison of three reading media for the blind: Braille, normal reading, and compressed speech.Education of the Visually Handicapped, 1972, 4, (2), 40–44.
49.
UlmstedR. G.Improving braille reading.New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66, (6).
50.
WeinerL. H.The performance of good and poor braille readers on certain tests involving tactual perception.Education of the Blind, 1963, 12, (3), 72–77.
51.
WilsonM. P.Braillewriters for beginners.International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1955, 5, (1), 13–14.
52.
ZiegelH.Why make braille more difficult for beginners?International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1953, 2, (4), 182–183.
