Analyzes mobility, orientation, and navigation and describes the complex activities and detailed knowledge required by each. Mobility involves movement of an embodied person; orientation involves knowing where one is, in relation to fixed or moving points; navigation is directed movement with an intended destination and requires knowledge of directions and locations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ArmstrongJ. D.Blind mobility current research program, AFB Research Bulletin, 1975, 29, 145–148.
2.
ArmstrongJ. D.The design and production of maps for the visually handicapped.Mobility Monograph No. 1, Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, England, 1973.
3.
BentzenB. C.Production and testing of an orientation and travel map for visually handicapped persons.New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66, 249–255.
4.
BerlaE. P.Behavioral strategies and problems in scanning and interpreting tactual displays.New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66, 277–286.
5.
BlaschB. B., WelshR. L., and DavidsonT.Auditory maps: An orientation aid for visually handicapped persons.New Outlook for the Blind, 1973, 67, 145–157.
6.
ClarkL. L., (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Congress on Technology and Blindness.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1963.
7.
ClarkL. L., (Ed.). Proceedings of the Rotterdam Mobility Research Conference.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1964.
8.
CrattyB. J.Movement and spatial awareness in blind children and youth.Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1970.
9.
EichomJ. R., and McDadeP. R.Teaching orientation and mobility to the mentally retarded blind. Final Report, Project RD 20655, Division of Research and Demonstration Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1969.
10.
FoulkeE.The perceptual basis for mobility.AFB Research Bulletin, 1973, 23, 1–8.
11.
GerhardtL.Moving and knowing: The young child orients himself in space.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
12.
GibsonC., WurzburgerB., and JohnsonD. E.The use of the raised map in teaching mobility to blind children.New Outlook for the Blind, 1965, 59, 59–62.
13.
HowardI. P., and TempletonW. B.Human spatial orientation.New York: Wiley, 1966.
14.
JohnstonB. C., and CorbettM. C.Orientation and mobility instruction for blind individuals functioning on a retarded level.New Outlook for the Blind, 1973, 67, 27–31.
15.
KayL.Towards objective mobility evaluation: Some thoughts on a theory.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1974.
16.
KidwellA. M., and GreerP. S.The environmental perceptions of blind persons and their haptic representation.New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66, 256–276.
17.
KidwellA. M., and GreerP. S.Sites, perception and the non-visual experience.New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1973.
18.
LeonardJ. A.Mobility and the blind—A survey.AFB Research Bulletin, 1964. 7, 1–25.
19.
LeonardJ. A.Towards a unified approach to the mobility of blind people.AFB Research Bulletin, 1968, 18, 1–21.
20.
LeonardJ. A., and NewmanR. C.A comparison of three types of “maps” for blind travel.Ergonomics, 1970, 13, 165–179.
21.
JamesG., and SwainR.Learning bus routes using a tactual map.New Outlook for the Blind, 1975, 69, 212–217.
22.
MannR. W.The evaluation and simulation of mobility aids for the blind.AFB Research Bulletin, 1965, 11, 93–98.
23.
McReynoldsJ., and WorchelP.Geographic orientation in the blind.Journal of General Psychology, October 1954, 221–236.
24.
Merleau-PontyM.The phenomenology of perception.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962.
25.
MinkowskiE.Toward a psychopathology of lived space, in Lived Time.Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern, 1970.
26.
PsathasG., and KozloffM.The structure of directions, Semiotica, 1976 (forthcoming).
27.
PsathasG., and HenslinJ.Dispatched orders and the cab driver: A study of locating activities.Social Problems, 1967, 14, 424–443.
28.
SchutzA., and LuckannT.Structures of the life-world.Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern, 1974.
29.
StrausE.The primary world of senses.New York: Free Press, Collier Macmillan, 1963.
30.
VopataA. E.Making mobility meaningful.New Outlook for the Blind, 1973, 67, 161–167.
31.
WelshR. L.Cognitive and psychosocial aspects of mobility training.Blindness, 1972, 99–109.
32.
WiedelJ. W.Tactual maps for the visually handicapped.Professional Geographer, 1966, 18, No. 3, 132–139.
