Beyond Employment Rates: Earnings of People With Visual Impairments

Baldwin M. L. Zeager L. A. Flacco P. R. (1994). Gender differences in wage losses from impairments: Estimates from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Journal of Human Resources, 29(3), 865–887. https://doi.org/10.2307/146256

Barroso A. Brown A. (2021). Gender pay gap in U.S. held steady in 2020. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-gap-facts/

Bell E. C. (2010). Competitive employment for consumers who are legally blind: A 10-year retrospective study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 47(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2009.08.0120

Bell E. C. Mino N. M. (2015). Employment outcomes for blind and visually impaired adults. Journal of Blindness Innovation and Research, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.5241/5-85

Capella M. E. (2001). Predicting earnings of vocational rehabilitation clients with visual impairments. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67(4),43–47.

Clapp C. M. Pepper J. V. Schmidt R. Stern S. (2020). Overview of vocational rehabilitation data about people with visual impairments: Demographics, services, and long-run labor market trends. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 114(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X20901380

Day J. C. Taylor D. (2019). Do people with disabilities earn equal pay? U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/03/do-people-with-disabilities-earn-equal-pay.html

Erickson W. Lee C. von Schrader S. (2020). 2018 Disability status report: United States. https://www.disabilitystatistics.org

Estrada-Hernández N. (2008). The effects of participant and service characteristics on the employment outcomes of RSA consumers with visual impairments: A follow-up on agency-type. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 39(1), 28–35. http://doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.39.1.28

Giesen J. M. Lang A. H. (2018). Predictors of earnings enabling likely roll departure for SSDI beneficiaries with visual impairments in vocational rehabilitation. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 29(3), 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207318780363

Houtenville A. J. (2003). A comparison of the economic status of working-age persons with visual impairments and those of other groups. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 97(3), 133–148. http://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0309700302

Houtenville A. J. Rafal M. (2020). Annual report on people with disabilities in America: 2020. University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability. https://disabilitycompendium.org/annualreport

Kirchner C. Peterson R. (1980). Worktime, occupational status, and annual earnings: An assessment of underemployment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 74(5), 203–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X8007400511

Kirchner C. Schmeidler E. Todorov A. (1999). Looking at employment through a lifespan telescope: Age, health, and employment status of people with serious visual impairment. National Research & Training Center on Blindness & Low Vision.

Maroto M. Pettinicchio D. (2015). Twenty-five years after the ADA: Situating disability in America’s system of stratification. Disability Studies Quarterly, 35(3), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v35i3.4927

McDonnall M. C. Cmar J. McKnight Z. S. (2022). Beyond employment rates: Full-time versus part-time employment for people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 116(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145482X211072485

McDonnall M. C. McKnight Z. S. (2021). The association between presenting visual impairment, health, and employment status. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 115(3), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X2110165700

McDonnall M. C. Sui Z. (2019). Employment and unemployment rates of people who are blind or visually impaired: Estimates from multiple sources. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 113(6), 481–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X19887620

McDonnall M. C. Tatch A. (2021). Educational attainment and employment for individuals with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 115(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X211000963

Pettinicchio D. Maroto M. (2017). Employment outcomes among men and women with disabilities: How the intersection of gender and disability status shapes labor market inequality. Research in Social Science and Disability, 10, 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720170000010003

Sherrod C. E. Vitale S. Frick K. D. Ramulu P. Y. (2014). Association of vision loss and work status in the United States. JAMA Ophthalmology, 132(10), 1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.2213

Silverman A. M. Bell E. C. Mendez M. A. (2019). Understanding the employment experiences of Americans who are legally blind. Journal of Rehabilitation, 85(1), 44–52.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). Highlights of women’s earnings in 2020. https://www.bls.gov/cps/earnings.htm

U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Understanding and using American Community Survey data: What all data users need to know . https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/guidance/handbooks/general.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Understanding and using the American Community Survey public use microdata sample files: What data users need to know (Issue February). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/microdata.html