This study compared the distribution of various types of visual impairments among Serbian children who were born prior to the imposed economic sanctions and wars of the 1990s in the former Yugoslavia to that of children who were born during the years of economic sanctions and active war.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Babić-BanaszakA., KovacićL., KovacevićL., VuletićG., MujkićA., & EblingZ. (2002). Impact of war on health-related quality of life in Croatia: Population study. Croatian Medical Journal, 43, 396–402.
2.
BiernackaJ. B., & HankeW. (2006). The effect of occupational and non-occupational psychosocial stress on the course of pregnancy and its outcome. Medicinski Pregled, 57, 281–290.
3.
CardozoB. L., BilukhaO. O., CrawfordC. A., ShaikhI., WolfeM. I., GerberM. L., & AndersonM. (2004). Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 575–584.
4.
CeklicL., LatinovićS., & AleksićP. (2006). Leading causes of blindness and visual impairment in the region of Eastern Herzegovina. Medicinski Pregled, 59(1-2), 15–18.
5.
CresonD., SchmitzJ. M., & ArnoutovicA. (1996). War-related changes in cigarette smoking: A survey study of health professionals in Sarajevo. Substance Use & Misuse, 31, 639–646.
6.
CzeizelA., TörzsE., DiazL. G., KovácsJ., SzabóG., & VitézM. (1991). An aetiological study on 6 to 14 years-old children with severe visual handicap in Hungary. Acta Paediatrica Hungarica, 31, 365–377.
7.
DarlowB. A., HutchinsonJ. L., Henderson-SmartD. J., DonoghueD. A., SimpsonJ. M., & EvansN. J. (2005). Prenatal risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity among very preterm infants of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. Pediatrics, 115, 990–996.
FatusicZ. (2001). Perinatal mortality in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 29, 247–249.
10.
FlynnJ. T. (1987). Retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 34, 1487–1516.
11.
GarfieldR. (2001). Economic sanctions on Yugoslavia. Lancet, 358(9281), 580.
12.
GarfieldR., & LeuC. S. (2000). A multivariate method for estimating mortality rates among children under 5 years from health and social indicators in Iraq. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, 510–515.
13.
GilbertC. (2001). New issues in childhood blindness. Journal of Community Eye Health, 14, 53–56.
14.
GilbertC., AndertonL., DandonaL., & FosterA. (1999). Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in children—A review of available data. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 6, 73–81.
15.
GilbertC., FielderA., GordilloL., QuinnG., SemigliaR., VisintinP., & ZinA. (2005). Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: Implications for screening programs. Pediatrics, 115, e518–e525.
16.
GilbertC., & FosterA. (2001). Childhood blindness in the context of Vision 2020— The right to sight. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 227–232.
17.
GilbertC., FosterA., NégrelA. D., & ThyleforsB. (1993). Childhood blindness: A new form for recording causes of visual loss in children. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71, 485–489.
18.
GilbertC., RahiJ., EcksteinM., O'SullivanJ., & FosterA. (1997). Retinopathy of prematurity in middle-income countries. Lancet, 350(9070), 12–14.
HoffmanS., & HatchM. C. (1996). Stress, social support and pregnancy outcome: A reassessment based on recent research. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 10, 380–405.
22.
HornbyS. J., XiaoY., GilbertC. E., FosterA., WangX., LiangX., JingH., WangL., MinW., ShiY., & LiY. (1999). Causes of childhood blindness in the People's Republic of China: Results from 1,131 blind school students in 18 provinces. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 83, 929–932.
23.
JakićM., Jarić-KlinovskiZ., LekoV., & JakićM. (2003). Effect of the war and postwar events on risk behavior in middle-school students. Lijecnicki Vjesnik, 125(11-12), 301–304.
24.
JakićM., Jarić-KlinovskiZ., LekoV., & JakićM. (2004). The incidence of risk behaviours in high school students. Lijecnicki Vjesnik, 126(5-6), 115–120.
25.
JohnsonG. J., MinassianD. C., & WealeR. (1998). The epidemiology of eye disease.Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
26.
KelloA. B., & GilbertC. (2003). Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 87, 526–530.
27.
KocurI., & ResnikoffS. (2002). Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86, 716–722.
28.
Kozaric-KovacicD., Kocijan-HercigonjaD., & JambrosicA. (2002). Psychiatric help to psychotraumatized persons during and after war in Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 43, 221–228.
29.
KuvacicI., SkrablinS., HodzicD., & MilkovicG. (1996). Possible influence of expatriation on perinatal outcome. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 75, 367–371.
30.
LermannV. L., Fortes FilhoJ. B., & ProcianoyR. S. (2006). The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight newborn infants. Jornal de Pediatria, 82(1), 27–32.
31.
LewallenS., & CourtrightP. (2001). Blindness in Africa: Present situation and future needs. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 85, 897–903.
32.
Lopes CardozoB., VergaraA., AganiF., & GotwayC. A. (2000). Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo. JAMA, 284, 569–577.
33.
MaksimovićM., KocijancićR., BackovićD., IlleT., & PaunovićK. (2005). Adaptation and mental-hygienic characteristics of internally displaced adolescents. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 133(5-6), 266–271.
34.
McColmJ. R., & FleckB. W. (2001). Retinopathy of prematurity: Causation. Seminars in Neonatology, 6, 453–460.
35.
McCormickM. C., Brooks-GunnJ., BukaS. L., GoldmanJ., YuJ., SalganikM., ScottD. T., BennettF. C., KayL. L., BernbaumJ. C., BauerC. R., MartinC., WoodsE. R., MartinA., & CaseyP. H. (2006). Early intervention in low birth weight premature infants: Results at 18 years of age for the Infant Health and Development Program. Pediatrics, 117, 771–780.
36.
MollicaR. F., McInnesK., SarajlićN., LavelleJ., SarajlićI., & MassagliM. P. (1999). Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA, 282, 433–439.
37.
MomartinS., SiloveD., ManicavasagarV., & SteelZ. (2003). Dimensions of trauma associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caseness, severity and functional impairment: A study of Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 775–781.
38.
National Research Council, Office of International Affairs. (1995). The impact of war on child health in the countries of the former Yugoslavia.Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9290#toc
39.
NedićB., LoncarS., RavićJ., & KomazecJ. (1999). Deliveries in the outpatient birthing facility in Ruma during 1989 and between 1992 and 1995. Medicinski Pregled, 52(1-2), 53–56.
40.
O'ConnorA. R., StewartC. E., SinghJ., & FielderA. R. (2006). Do infants of birth weight less than 1,500 g require additional long term ophthalmic follow up?British Journal of Ophthalmology, 90, 451–455.
41.
O'GormanS., FlahertyW. A., FishmanG. A., & BersonE. L. (1988). Histologic findings in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. Archives of Ophthalmology, 106, 1261–1268.
42.
Obaid-ur-RahmanM., AhmedT., RahmanS., & Atiq-ur-RahmanR. (1998). Effects of socioeconomic factors, psychological stress, smoking, alcohol and caffeine on preterm delivery. Pakistani Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 35–39.
43.
PeacockJ. L., BlandJ. M., & AndersonH. R. (1995). Preterm delivery: Effects of socioeconomic factors, psychological stress, smoking, alcohol, and caffeine. British Medical Journal, 311(7004), 531–535.
44.
PollackM. M., KochM. A., & NIH–District of Columbia Neonatal Network. (2003). Association of outcomes with organizational characteristics of neonatal intensive care units. Critical Care Medicine, 31, 1620–1629.
45.
SakomanS. (2000). Substance abuse in the Republic of Croatia and National Program for Drug Control. Croatian Medical Journal, 41, 270–286.
46.
ShahV. A., YeoC. L., LingY. L., & HoL. Y. (2005). Incidence, risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity among very low birth weight infants in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 34, 169–178.
47.
SonisJ., & CraneT. (1995). Family physicians and human rights: A case example from the former Yugoslavia. Family Medicine, 27, 242–248.
48.
TorinekT., KaticM., & KernJ. (2005). Morbidity of native, immigrant, and returned refugee populations in family medicine practice in Croatia after the 1991–1995 war. Croatian Medical Journal, 46, 990–995.
49.
United Nations Development Program. (2005). Human development report: Serbia 2005.New York: United Nations.
50.
WaldmanR. J. (2001). Public health in times of war and famine: What can be done? What should be done?JAMA, 286, 588–590.
51.
World Bank. (2001). Federal Republic of Yugoslavia—Breaking with the past: The path to stability and growth (Report P5FDREYHP0). Washington, DC: Author.
52.
World Health Organization. (1992). Prevention of childhood blindness.Geneva: Author.
53.
World Health Organization. (1997). Global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness.Geneva: Author.
54.
World Health Organization. (2000). Preventing blindness in children.Geneva: Author.