Face field evaluation provides insights into the presence and location of the preferred retinal locus, as validated by comparisons with findings from microperimetry. This technique requires no special equipment and can be used in a clinic or at a person's home by clinicians and low vision rehabilitation specialists.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AltmanD. G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research.London: Chapman & Hall.
2.
CrosslandM. D., CulhamL. E., KabanarouS. A., & RubinG. S. (2005). Preferred retinal locus development in patients with macular disease. Ophthalmology, 112, 1579–1585.
3.
CrosslandM. D., CulhamL. E., & RubinG. S. (2004). Fixation stability and reading speed in patients with newly developed macular disease. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 24, 327–333.
4.
DuretF., IssenhuthM., & SafranA. B. (1999). Combined use of several preferred retinal loci in patients with macular disorders when reading single words. Vision Research, 39, 873–879.
5.
FineA. M., ElmanM. J., EbertJ. E., PrestiaP. A., StarrJ. S., & FineS. L. (1986). Earliest symptoms caused by neovascular membranes in the macula. Archives of Ophthalmology, 104, 513–514.
6.
FineE. M., & RubinG. S. (1999). Reading with simulated scotomas: Attending to the right is better than attending to the left. Vision Research, 39, 1039–1048.
7.
FletcherD. C., & SchuchardR. A. (1997). Preferred retinal loci. Relationship to macular scotomas in a low-vision population. Ophthalmology, 104, 632–638.
8.
FletcherD. C., SchuchardR. A., & WatsonG. (1999). Relative locations of macular scotomas near the PRL: Effect on low vision reading. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 36, 356–364.
9.
FujiiG. Y., deJuanE. J., SunnessJ., HumayunM. S., PieramiciD. J., & ChangT. S. (2002). Patient selection for macular translocation surgery using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Ophthalmology, 109, 1737–1744.
10.
GuezJ.-E., GargassonJ.-F. L., RigaudiereF., & O'ReganJ. K. (1993). Is there a systematic location for the pseudo-fovea in patients with central scotoma?Vision Research, 9, 1271–1279.
11.
LeiH., & SchuchardR. A. (1997). Using two preferred retinal loci for different lighting conditions in patients with central scotomas. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 38, 1812–1818.
12.
RaynerK., WellA. D., & PollatsekA. (1980). Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading. Perception and Psycho-physics, 27, 537–544.
13.
RohrschneiderK., FendrichT., BeckerM., KrastelH., KruseF. E., & VolckerH. E. (1995). Static fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope with an automated threshold strategy. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 233, 743–749.
14.
SchuchardR. A. (1993). Validity and interpretation of Amsler grid reports. Archives of Ophthalmology, 111, 776–780.
15.
SchuchardR. A., & RaaschT. W. (1992). Retinal locus for fixation: Pericentral fixation targets. Clinical Vision Science, 7, 511–520.
16.
SunnessJ. S. (2008). What you see is not always what you get in atrophic macular disease. Retinal Cases & Brief Reports, 2, 205–208.
17.
SunnessJ. S., & ApplegateC. A. (2005). Long-term follow-up of fixation patterns in eyes with central scotomas from geographic atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 140, 1085–1093.
18.
SunnessJ. S., ApplegateC. A., & Gonzalez-BaronJ. (2000). Improvement of visual acuity over time in patients with bilateral geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration. Retina, 20, 162–169.
19.
SunnessJ. S., ApplegateC. A., HaselwoodD., & RubinG. S. (1996). Fixation patterns and reading rates in eyes with central scotomas from advanced atrophic age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's's disease. Ophthalmology, 103, 1458–1466.
20.
SunnessJ. S., BresslerN. M., & MaguireM. G. (1995). Scanning laser ophthalmoscope analysis of the pattern of visual loss in age-related geographic atrophy of the macula. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 119, 143–151.
21.
SunnessJ. S., SchuchardR., ShenN., RubinG., DagnelieG., & HaselwoodD. (1995). Landmark-driven fundus perimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 36, 1863–1874.
22.
TimberlakeG. T., MainsterM. A., PeliE., AugliereR. A., EssockE. A., & ArendL. E. (1986). Reading with a macular scotoma: I. Retinal location of scotoma and fixation area. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 27, 1137–1147.
23.
WatsonG. R. (1999). Using low vision effectively. In FletcherD. C. (Ed.), Low vision rehabilitation: Caring for the whole person (pp. 64–66). San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology.
24.
WatsonG. R., SchuchardR. A., De l'AuneW. R., & WatkinsE. (2006). Effects of preferred retinal locus placement on text navigation and development of advantageous trained retinal locus. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43, 761–770.
25.
WhiteJ. M., & BedellH. E. (1990). The oculomotor reference in humans with bilateral macular disease. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 31, 1149–1161.
