In this study, children with strabismus, as a group, had significantly more academic and nonacademic difficulties than did children without strabismus. However, since not all the children with strabismus had academic difficulties, other factors that are associated with strabismus, such as headache, eyestrain, perceptual difficulties, and frustration, may affect learning in some children with strabismus.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbermanE. B., ButlerN. R., & GardinerP. A. (1971). Children with squints—A handicapped group?The Practitioner, 206, 501–506.
2.
CassidyW.X.Jr., (1976). Estimating and reporting students’ ability in reading: Parents vs. teachers. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service, No. ED 123 615).
3.
DeweyD., CrawfordS. G., CreightonD. E., & SauveR. S. (2000). Parents’ ratings of everyday cognitive abilities in very low birth weight children. Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, 21, 37–43.
4.
DeweyD., CrawfordS. G., & KaplanB. J. (2003). Clinical importance of parent ratings of everyday cognitive abilities in children with learning and attention problems. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 87–95.
5.
DiamondK. E. (1987). Predicting school problems from preschool developmental screening: A four year follow-up of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test and the role of parent report. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 11, 247–253.
6.
DiamondK. E., & SquiresJ. (1993). The role of parental report in the screening and assessment of young children. Journal of Early Intervention, 17, 107–115.
7.
Education Quality and Accessibility Office. (2002). Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) provincial results, first time eligible students [Online], Available: http://www.eqao.com/eqao/hom_page/pdf_e/03/03poole.pdf
8.
EustisS., & SmithD. R. (1987). Parent understanding of strabismus. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 24, 232–236.
9.
EustisS., & SmithD. R. (1988). A survey of parental understanding of strabismus. Journal of Ophthalmic Nursing & Technology, 7, 30–35.
10.
FarragA. F., KhedrE. M., & Abel-NaserW. (2002). Impaired parvocellular pathway in dyslexic children. European Journal of Neurology, 9, 358–363.
11.
FroniusM., & SiretaneuR. (1994). Pointing errors in strabismus: Complex patterns of distorted visuo-motor coordination. Vision Research, 34, 689–707.
12.
GianatasioD. (2001). Perceptions of children's reading abilities. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 427 311).
13.
GlascoeF. P. (1997). Parents’ concerns about children's development: Prescreening technique or screening test?Pediatrics, 99, 522–528.
14.
GlascoeF. P. (2001). Using parents’ concerns to detect and address developmental and behavioural problems. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nursing, 4, 24–35.
15.
GompelM., JanssenN. M., van BonW. H. J., & SchreuderR. (2003). Visual input and orthographic knowledge in word reading of children with low vision. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 97, 273–284.
16.
HessR. F., & FieldD. J. (1994). Is the spatial deficit in amblyopia due to loss of cells or an uncalibrated disarray of cells: Evidence for a two type classification. Vision Research, 17, 1049–1055.
17.
JustM. A., & CarpenterP. A. (1987). The psychology of reading and language comprehension.Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
18.
KapoulaZ., BucciM. P., EggertT., & GarraudL. (1997). Impairment of the binocular coordination of saccades in strabismus. Vision Research, 37, 2757–2766.
19.
KlimanD. S., & VukelichC. (1985). Mothers and fathers: Expectations for infants. Family Relations, 34, 305–313.
20.
LehmkuhleS., GarziaR. P., TurnerL., HashT. B., & BaroJ. A. (1993). A defective visual pathway in children with reading disability. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 989–996.
21.
LeviD. M., & HarwerthR. S. (1978). Contrast evoked potentials in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology Vision Science, 17, 571–575.
22.
LovegroveW., MartinF., BowlingA., BlackwoodM., BadcockD., & PaxtonS. (1982). Contrast sensitivity functions and specific reading disability. Neuropsychology, 20, 309–315.
23.
MartinF., & LovegroveW. (1984). The effects of field size and luminance on contrast sensitivity differences in specifically reading disabled and normal children. Neuropsychology, 22, 73–77
24.
Ontario Association of Optometrists. (1997). Guidelines for preschool vision screening.Toronto: Author.
25.
ReedM. J., & BurdettF. (2002). Apparent motion processing in strabismic observers with varying levels of stereo vision. Behavioural Brain Research, 133, 383–390.
26.
ReedM. J., SteevesJ. K. E., SteinbachM. J., KraftS., & GallieB. (1996). Contrast letter thresholds in the non-affected eye of early-onset strabismic subjects and unilateral eye enucleated subjects. Vision Research, 36, 3011–3018.
27.
ReedM. J., SteinbachM.X., AnstisS. M., GallieB., SmithD., & KraftS. (1991). The development of optokinetic nystagmus in strabismic and monocularly enucleated subjects. Behavioural Brain Research, 46, 31–42
28.
ReedM. J., SteinbachM. J., OnoH., KraftS., & GallieB. (1995). Alignment ability of strabismic and eye enucleated subjects on the horizontal and oblique meridians. Vision Research, 35, 2523–2528.
29.
RogersG. L., ChazanS., FellowsR., & TsouB. H. (1982). Strabismus surgery and its effect upon infant development in congenital esotropia. Ophthalmology, 89, 479–483.
RosnerI, & RosnerJ. (1988). Parents as screeners for strabismus in their children. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 82, 193–194.
32.
RydbergA., EricsonB., LennerstrandG., JacobsonL., & LindstedtE. (1999). Assessment of visual acuity in children aged 1.5–6 years, with normal and subnormal vision. Strabismus, 7(1), 1–24.
33.
SnowdenS., & Stewart-BrownS. (1997). Preschool vision screening: Results of a systematic review.York, England: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York.
34.
Statistics Canada. (1990). Adult literacy in Canada: Results of a national survey.Ottawa: Author.
35.
SteevesJ. K. E., ReedM. J., SteinbachM.X., & KraftS. (1999). Monocular horizontal OKN in observers with early and late-onset strabismus. Behavioural Brain Research, 103, 135–143.
36.
TongeB.X., LiptonG. L., & CrawfordG. (1984). Psychological and educational correlates of strabismus in school children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 71–77.
37.
Von NoordenG. K. (1996). Binocular vision and ocular motility.St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
38.
WoodhouseX M., GriffithsC., & GeldingA. (2000). The prevalence of ocular defects and the provision of eye care in adults with learning disabilities living in the community. Ophthalmology & Physiological Optics, 20, 79–89.
