This study implemented three different methods for presenting scientific graphs to visually impaired people: audition, kinesthetics, or a combination of the two. The results indicate that the combination of both audio and kinesthetic modalities can be a promising representation medium of common scientific graphs for people who are visually impaired.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BrewsterS. A., WrightP. C., & EdwardsA. D. N. (1995). Parallel earcons: Reducing the length of audio messages. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 43, 153–175.
2.
CartwrightG. P. (1994). Distance learning: A different time, a different place. Change, 26(4), 30–37.
3.
CutkoskyM. R., & HoweR. D. (1990). Human grasp choice and robotic grasp analysis. In VenkataramanS. T., and IberallT. (Eds.), Dextrous robot hands (pp. 5–31). New York: Springer-Verlag.
4.
FlowersJ. H., & HauerT. A. (1995). Musical versus visual graphs: Cross-modal equivalence in perception of time series data. Human Factors, 37, 553–569.
5.
FritzJ. P., & BarnerK. E. (1999). Design of a haptic visualization system for people with visual impairments. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 7, 372–384.
6.
KamelH., & LandayJ. (2000). A study of blind drawing practice: Creating graphical information without the visual channel. In Fourth International Conference on Assistive Technologies, 2000 (pp. 17–25). Arlington, VA: ACM Press.
7.
MansurD. L., BlattnerM. M., & JoyK. I. (1985). Sound graphs: A numerical data analysis method for the blind. Journal of Medical Systems, 9(3), 63–174.
8.
RamlollR., YuW., BrewsterS. A., RiedelB., BurtonA. M., & DimigenG. (2000). Constructing sonified haptic line graphs for the blind student: First steps. In Fourth International Conference on Assistive Technologies (pp. 31–41). Arlington, VA: ACM Press.
9.
RosenbergL. B. (1993). Virtual fixtures: Perceptual tools for telerobotic manipulation. IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 1993 (pp. 76–82). New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
10.
RothP., GiessC., PetrucciL., & PunT. (2001). Adapting haptic game devices for non-visual graph rendering. In StephanidisC. (Ed.), Universal Access in HCI: Towards an Information Society for All (pp. 977–981). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11.
RothP., PetrucciL., AssimacopoulosA., & PunT. (2000). “From dots to shapes”: An auditory haptic game platform for teaching geometry to blind pupils. In Computers Helping People with Special Needs, 2000 (pp. 603–610). Vienna: Austrian Computer Society.
12.
SahyunS. C., & GardnerJ. A. (1997). Testing the equivalence of visual and auditory graphs. Paper presented at the International Conference on Auditory Display, 1997, Palo Alto, CA. Available online at http://www.physics.orst.edu/∼sahyun/icad97/poster.html
13.
SjöströmC. (1999). The IT potential of haptics—Touch access for people with disabilities. Licentiate thesis, Center for Rehabilitation Engineering Research. Available online at www: http://www.certec.lth.se/doc/touchaccess