The communication patterns of a 3-year-old boy who is blind were observed during 35 videotaped classroom sessions to determine if his echolalic responses varied according to school activity and message category. The observations revealed that although C. M. was expressive with adults, he had difficulty communicating with his peers and in producing spontaneous speech in general.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersenE. S., DunleaA., & KekelisL. S. (1984). Blind children's language: Resolving some differences. Child Language, 11, 645–664.
2.
BebkoJ. M. (1990). Echolalia, mitigation, and autism: Indicators from child characteristics for the use of sign language and other augmentative language systems. Sign Language Studies, 66, 61–78.
3.
BriganceA. (1978). Brigance Inventory of Early Development (3rd ed). North Billerica, MA: Curriculum Associates.
4.
BrownD., SimmonsV., & MethvinJ. (1986). The Oregon Project for the Visually Impaired and Blind Preschool Children.Medford, OR: Jackson Education Service District.
5.
CharlopM. H. (1986). Setting effects on the occurrence of autistic children's immediate echolalia. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 473–483.
6.
Chernus-MansfieldN., HayashiD., & KekelisL. (1985). Talk to me II: Common concerns.Los Angeles: Blind Children's Center.
7.
CrockerA. D., & OrrR. R. (1996). Social behaviors of children with visual impairments enrolled in preschool programs. Exceptional Children, 62, 451–462.
8.
DyerC., & HaddenA. J. (1981). Delayed echolalia in autism: Some observations on differences with the term. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 7, 331–345.
9.
FayW. H. (1973). On the echolalia of the blind and of the autistic child. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 478–489.
10.
FayW. H. (1975). Occurrence of children's echoic responses according to interlocutory question types. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18, 336–345.
11.
FayW. H. (1979). Personal pronouns and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 247–260.
12.
GoryE. L. (1985). Review of Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development. In MitchellJ. V.Jr. (Ed.), The ninth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 220–221). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
13.
MatsudaM. M. (1984). A comparative analysis of blind and sighted children's communication skills. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 78, 1–5.
14.
McEvoyR. E., LovelandK. A., & LandryS. H. (1988). The functions of immediate echolalia in autistic children: A developmental perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 657–668.
15.
MooreM. C. (1998). Assessing the preschool child with visual impairment. In NuttallE. V. & RomeroI. (Eds.), Assessing and screening preschoolers (pp. 360–380). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
16.
PacciaJ. M., & CurcioF. (1982). Language processing and forms of immediate echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 42–47.
17.
Perez-PereiraM., & CastroJ. (1992). Pragmatic functions of blind and sighted children's language: A twin case study. First Language, 12, 17–37.
18.
PetersA. M. (1994). The interdependence of social, cognitive, and linguistic development: Evidence from a visually impaired child. In Tager-FlusbergH. (Ed.), Constraints on language development acquisition: Studies of atypical children (pp. 195–219). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19.
PringL., DewartH., & BrockbankM. (1998). Social cognition in children with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 92, 754–768.
20.
PrizantB. M. (1987). Toward an understanding of verbal repetition in the language of visually-impaired children. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 15, 79–90.
21.
PrizantB. M., & RydellP. J. (1984). Analysis of functions of delayed echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 183–192.
22.
RettigM. (1994). The play of young children with visual impairments: Characteristics and interventions. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 88, 410–420.
23.
SchulerA. L. (1979). Echolalia: Issues and clinical applications. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 44, 411–434.
24.
SkellengerA. C., & HillE. W. (1994). Effects of shared teacher-child play intervention on the play skills of three young children who are blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 88, 433–445.
25.
VioletteJ., & SwisherL. (1992). Echolalic responses by a child with autism to four experimental conditions of sociolinguistic input. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 139–147.
26.
WarrenD. H. (1994). Blindness and children: An individual differences approach.New York: Cambridge University Press.
27.
ZimmermanI. L., SteinerV. G., & PondR. E. (1992). Preschool Language Scale-3.San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
