The basic tenets of a cognitive-behavioral model are briefly noted, with consideration of affective, social, and developmental factors. The proposed cognitive features of the model, including the distinction between cognitive deficiencies and cognitive distortions, are presented with a focus on treatment implications. The literature dealing with applications of cognitive-behavioral procedures to the prevention and treatment of children's nighttime fears, fear of dental and medical procedures, evaluation anxiety, and clinical cases is reviewed, and treatment and research issues and recommendations for this nascent area are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barlow, D. H. , O'Brien, G. T., & Last, C. G. (1983). Couples treatment of agoraphobia. Behavioral Therapy, 15, 41-58.
2.
Barlow, D. H. , & Seidner, A. L. (1983). Treatment of adolescent agoraphobics: Effects on parent-adolescent relations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 519-526.
3.
Bauer, D. (1976). An exploratory study of developmental changes in children's fears. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 69-74.
4.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
5.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
6.
Beck, A. T. , & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders andphobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
7.
Bernard, M. E. , & Joyce, M. R. (1984). Rational-emotive therapy with children and adolescents: Theory, treatment strategies, preventative methods. New York: John Wiley.
8.
Brown, D. F. , Wright, F. A. C., & McMurray, N. E. (1986). Psychological and behavioral factors associated with dental anxiety in children. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 213-218.
9.
Carver, C. S. , & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
10.
Cradock, C. , Cotler, S., & Jason, L. A. (1978). Primary prevention: Immunization of children for test anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 389-396.
11.
Dahlquist, L. M. , Gil, K. M., Armstrong, F. D., Ginsberg, A., & Jones, B. (1985). Behavioral management of children's distress during chemotherapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 325-329.
12.
Davids, A. (1975). Therapeutic approaches to children in residential treatment: Changes from the 1950's to the 1970's. American Psychologist, 30, 809-814.
13.
Denney, D. R. (1975). The effects of exemplary and cognitive models and self-rehearsal on children's interrogative strategies. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 476-488.
14.
Elliott, C. H. , & Olson, R. A. (1983). The management of children's behavioral distress in response to painful medical treatment for burn injuries. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 675-683.
15.
Fox, J. E. , & Houston, B. K. (1981). Efficacy of self-instructional training for reducing children's anxiety in an evaluative situation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 509-515.
16.
Genshaft, J. L. , & Hirt, M. (1980). The effectiveness of self-instructional training to enhance math achievement in women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 91-97.
17.
Giebenhain, J. E. , & O'Dell, S. L. (1984). Evaluation of a parent-training manual for reducing children's fear of the dark. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 121-125.
18.
Graziano, A. M. , DeGiovanni, I. S., & Garcia, K. A. (1979). Behavioral treatment of children's fears: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 804-830.
19.
Graziano, A. M. , & Mooney, K. C. (1980). Family self-control instruction for children's nighttime fear reduction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 206-213.
20.
Graziano, A. M. , & Mooney, K. C. (1982). Behavioral treatment of children's "nightfears": Maintenance of improvement at 2-to 3-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 598-599.
21.
Graziano, A. M. , Mooney, K. C., Huber, C., & Ignasiak, D. (1979). Self-control instruction for children's fear reduction. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 10, 221-227.
22.
Hartup, W. W. (1983). Peer relations. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of childpsychology. New York: John Wiley.
23.
Howard, B. L., & Kendall, P. C. (1988). Child interventions: Havingnopeers?Manuscript submitted for publication.
24.
Ingram, R. (1984). Toward an information-processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443-447.
25.
Ingram, R. , & Kendall, P. C. (1986). Cognitive clinical psychology: Implications of information processing perspectives. In R. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. New York: Academic Press.
26.
Ingram, R. , Kendall, P. C., Smith, T., Donnell, C., & Ronan, K. (1987). Cognitive specificity in emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 734-742.
27.
Jay, S. M. , Elliott, C. H., Ozolins, M., Olson, R. A., & Pruitt, S. D. (1985). Behavioral management of children's distress during painful medical procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 513-520.
28.
Johnson, S. B. , & Melamed, B. G. (1979). The assessment and treatment of children's fears. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in child clinicalpsychology (Vol.2, pp. 107-139). New York: Plenum.
29.
Kanfer, F. H. , Karoly, P., & Newman, A. (1975). Reduction of children's fear of the dark by competence-related and situational threat-related verbal cues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 251-258.
30.
Kendall, P. C. (1984). Behavioral assessment and methodology, In G. T. Wilson, C. M. Franks, K. D. Brownell, & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), Annual review of behavior therapy: Theory and practice (Vol. 9, pp. 39-94). New York: Guilford.
31.
Kendall, P. C. (1985). Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 357-372.
32.
Kendall, P. C. , & Braswell, L. (1982). Cognitive-behavioral assessment: Model, measures, and madness. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 1, pp. 35-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33.
Kendall, P. C. , & Braswell, L. (1985). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulsive children. New York: Guilford Press.
34.
Kendall, P. C. , & Hollon, S. D. (1979). Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Overview and current status. In P. C. Kendall & S. D. Hollon (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research and procedures (pp. 1-13). New York: Academic Press.
35.
Kendall, P. C. , & Ingram, R. (1986). The future for cognitive assessment of anxiety: Let's get specific. In L. Michelson & M. Ascher (Eds.), Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive-behavioral approaches. New York: Guilford.
36.
Lazarus, A. A. , & Abramovitz, A. (1962). The use of "emotive imagery" in the treatment of children's phobias. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 191-195.
37.
Leal, L. L. , Baxter, E. G., Martin, A., & Marx, R. W. (1981). Cognitive modification and systematic desensitization with test anxious high school students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 525-528.
38.
MacFarlane, J. W. , Allen, L., & Honzik, M. P. (1954). A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between 21 months and 14 years. Berkeley: University of California Press.
39.
Mahoney, M. J. (1977). A critical analysis of rational-emotive theory and therapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 7, 44-46.
40.
Mahoney, M. J. , & Arnkoff, D. (1978). Cognitive and self-control therapies. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook ofpsychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed., pp. 689-722). New York: John Wiley.
41.
Melamed, B. G. , & Siegel, L. J. (1975). Reduction of anxiety in children facing hospitalization and surgery by use of filmed modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 511-521.
42.
Melamed, B. G. , & Siegel, L. J. (1985). Children's reactions to medical stressors: An ecological approach to the study of anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 369-386). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43.
Merluzzi, T. V. , Rudy, T. E., & Krejei, M. (1986). Social skill and anxiety: Information processing perspectives. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. New York: Academic Press.
44.
Miller, L. C. , Barrett, C. L., & Hampe, E. (1974). Phobias of childhood in a prescientific era. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics (Vol. 1, pp. 337-380). New York: John Wiley.
45.
Mooney, K. C. (1985). Children's nighttime fears: Ratings of content and coping behaviors. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 309-319.
46.
Morris, R. J. , & Kratochwill, T. R. (1983). Treating children's fears and phobias: A behavioral approach. New York: Pergamon.
47.
Ownby, R. L. (1983). A cognitive-behavioral intervention for compulsive handwashing with a thirteen-year-old boy. Psychology in the Schools, 20, 219-222.
48.
Peterson, L. , & Shigetomi, C. (1981). The use of coping techniques in minimizing anxiety in hospitalized children. Behavior Therapy, 12, 1-14.
49.
Peterson, L. , & Shigetomi, C. (1982). One-year follow-up of elective surgery child patients receiving preoperative preparation. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 7, 43-48.
50.
Prins, P. J. M. (1985). Self-speech and self-regulation of high-and low-anxious children in the dental situation: An interview study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 641-650.
51.
Prins, P. J. M. (1986). Children's self-speech and self-regulation during a fear-provoking behavioral test. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 181-191.
52.
Roth, D. L. , & Tucker D. (1986). Neural systems of emotional control on information Processing. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology. New York: Academic Press.
53.
Santastefano, S. , & Reider, C. (1984). Cognitive controls and aggression in children: The concept of cognitive-affective balance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 46-56.
54.
Sermet, 0. (1974). Emotional and medical factors in child dental anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 313-321.
55.
Siegel, L. J. , & Peterson, L. (1980). Stress reduction in young dental patients through coping skills and sensory information. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 785-787.
56.
Siegel, L. J. , & Peterson, L. (1981). Maintenance effects of coping skills and sensory information on young children's response to repeated dental procedures. Behavior Therapy, 12, 530-535.
57.
Smith, T. V. , Ingram, R. E., & Brehm, S. S. (1983). Social anxiety, anxious self-preoccupation, and recall of self-relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1276-1283.
58.
Spielberger, C. D. , Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manualfor the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
59.
Stevens, R. , & Pihl, R. 0. (1983). Learning to cope with school: A study of the effects of a coping skill training program with test-vulnerable 7th-grade students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 155-158.
60.
Stokes, T. F. , & Kennedy, S. H. (1980). Reducing child uncooperative behavior during dental treatment through modeling and reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 41-49.
61.
Wells, K. C. , & Vitulano, L. A. (1984). Anxiety disorders in childhood. In S. Turner (Ed.), Behavioral theories and treatment of anxiety (pp. 413-433). New York: Plenum.
62.
Williams, J. M. G. , Murray, J. J., Lund, C. A., Harkiss, B., & De Franco, A. (1985). Anxiety in the child dental clinic. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 305-310.
63.
Winer, G. A. (1982). Review and analysis of children's fearful behavior in dental settings. Child Development, 53, 1111-1113.
64.
Zatz, S. , & Chassin, L. (1983). Cognitions of test-anxious children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,51, 526-534.
65.
Zatz, S. , & Chassin, L. (1985). Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 393-401.
