This article presents a survey of the child behavior therapy literature, drawing upon reviews and outcome studies published in the past five years. A number of criticisms are made. Child behavior therapy research needs to acquire a greater developmental focus, conduct more complex functional analyses, place greater emphasis on assessment and description of subjects, and employ more consistent use of adequate designs and procedures. Recent work, nonetheless, reflects greater methodological and conceptual sophistication than was found in earlier reviews.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abikoff, H. , Gittelman-Klein, R.. & Klein, D. F.Validation of a classroom observation code for hyperactive children. Journal of Consulting and (Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 772-783.
2.
Achenbach, T. M. , & Edelbrock, C. S.The classification of child psychopathology: a ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 759-776.
3.
Achenback, T. M. , & Edelbrock, C. S.The classification of child psychopathology: a review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 1275-1301.
4.
Alexander, J. F. , & Parsons, B. V.Short-term behavioral intervention with delinquent families: impact on family process and recidivism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973, 81, 219-225.
5.
Asher, S. R. , Oden, S. L., & Gottman, J. M.Children's friendship in the school setting. In L. G. Katz (Ed.). Current topics in earl! childhood education (Vol. 1). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1977.
6.
Atkeson, B. M. , & Forehand, R.Parent behavioral training for problem children: an examination of studies using multiple outcome measures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1978, 6, 449-460.
7.
Allyon, T. , Layman, D., & Kandel, H. J.A behavioral education alternative to drug control of hyperactive children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1975, 8, 137-146.
8.
Ayllon, T. , & Rosenbaum, M. S.The behavioral treatment of disruption and hyperactivity in school settings. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
9.
Azrin, N. H. , & Thienes, P. M.Rapid elimination of enuresis by intensive learning without a conditioning apparatus. Behavior Therapy, 1978, 9, 342-354.
10.
Baer, D. M. , Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R.Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1968, 1, 91-97.
11.
Bandura, A.Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change . Psychological Review, 1977, 84, 191-215.
12.
Barrett, C. L. , Hampe, I. E., & Miller, L.Research on psychotherapy with children. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
13.
Bernal, M. E. , Klinnert, M., & Schultz, L. A.An evaluation of the effectiveness of training parents of conduct-problem children, forthcoming.
14.
Bernal, M. E. , Kreutzer, S. L., North, J. A., & Pelc, R. E.Scoring system for home and school. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Montreal, August 1973.
15.
Bernal, M. E. , & North, J. A.A survey of parent training manuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1978, 11, 533-544.
16.
Bollard, R. J. , & Woodroffe, P.The effect of parent-administered Dry-Bed Training on nocturnal enuresis in children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1977, 15, 159-165.
17.
Bornstein, P. H. , & Quevillon, R. P.The effects of a self-instructional package on over-active preschool boys. Journal of Applied Behavior Anal isis, 1976, 9, 179-188.
18.
Braukmann, C. J. , & Fixsen, D. L.Behavior modification with delinquents. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in Behavior Modification (Vol. 1). New York: Academic, 1975.
19.
Burchard, J. D. , & Harig, P. T.Behavior modification and juvenile delinquency. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
20.
Camp, B. W.Verbal mediation in young aggressive boys . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1977, 86, 145-153.
21.
Camp, B. W. , Blom, G. E., Hebert, F., & van Doorninck, W. J."Think Aloud": a program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1977, 5, 157-169. (a)
22.
Camp, B. W. , Zimet, S. G., van Doorninck, W. J., & Dahlem, N. W.Verbal abilities in young aggressive boys. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1977, 69, 129-135. (b)
23.
Campbell, D. T. , & Fiske, D. W.Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 1959, 56, 81-105.
24.
Carr, E. G.The motivation of self-injurious behavior: a review of some hypotheses . Psychological Bulletin, 1977, 84, 800-816.
25.
Chandler, M. J.Egocentrism and antisocial behavior: the assessment and training of social perspective-taking skills . Developmental Psychology, 1973, 9, 326-332.
26.
Cole, C. , & Morrow, W. R.Refractory parent behaviors in behavior modification training groups. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 1976, 13, 162-169.
27.
Combs, M. L. , & Slaby, D. A.Social-skills training with children. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology, (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
28.
Copeland, R. , & Hall, R. V.Behavior modification in the classroom. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 3). New York: Academic, 1976.
29.
Craighead, W. E. , Wilcoxen-Craighead, L., & Meyers, A. W.New directions in behavior modification with children. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 6). New York, Academic, 1978.
30.
Davidson, W. S., II , & Seidman, E.Studies of behavior modification and juvenile delinquency: a review, methodological critique, and social perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 998-1011.
31.
DeMyer, M. K.Research in infantile autism: a strategy and its results . Biological Psychiatry, 1975, 10, 433-452.
32.
DeMyer, M. K.The nature of the neuropsychological disability in autistic children. In E. Schopler & R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Psy chopathology and child development. New York: Plenum, 1976.
33.
DeMyer, M. K. , Churchill, D. W., Pontius, W., & Gilkey, K. M.A comparison of five diagnostic systems for childhood schizophrenia and infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1971, 1, 175-189.
34.
Doleys, D. M. , Ciminero, A. R., Tollison, J. W., Williams, C. L., & Wells, K. C.Dry-Bed Training and Retention Control Training: a comparison. Behavior Therapy, 1977, 8, 541-548.
35.
Douglas, V. I. , Parry, P., Marton, P., & Garston, C.Assessment of a cognitive training program for hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1976, 4, 389-410.
36.
Drabman, R. S.Behavior modification in the classroom. In W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Behavior modification: Principles, issues, and applications. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.
37.
Drabman, R. S. & Furman, W.Behavioral procedures in the classroom. In D. Glenwich & L. Jason (Eds.), Behavioral community psychology. Kalamazoo, Ml: Behavior-adelia, 1979.
38.
Drabman, R. S. , & Tucker, R. D.Why classroom token economies fail. Journal of School Psychology', 1974, 12, 178-188.
39.
Eron, L. D. , Lefkowitz, M. M., Walder, L. O., & Huesmann, L. R.Relation of learning in childhood to psychopathology and aggression in young adulthood. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics (Vol. 1). New York: John Wiley, 1974.
40.
Evers, W. L. , & Schwarz, J. C.Modifying social withdrawal in preschoolers: the effects of filmed modeling and teacher reinforcement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1973, 1, 248-256.
41.
Evers-Pasquale, W. , & Sherman, M.The reward value of peers: a variable influencing the efficacy of filmed modeling in modifying social isolation in preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1975, 3, 179-189.
42.
Eyberg, S. M. , & Johnson, S. M.Multiple assessment of behavior modification with families: effects of contingency contracting and order of treated problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 594-606.
43.
Ferritor, D. E. , Buckholdt, D., Hamblin, R. L., & Smith, L.The noneffects of contingent reinforcement for attending behavior on work accomplished. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1972, 5, 7-17.
44.
Forehand, R.Child noncompliance to parental requests: behavioral analysis and treatment. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 5). New York: Academic, 1977.
45.
Franks, C. M. , & Diament, C.What is Child Behavior Therapy- and why a specialized new journal for this field?Child Behavior Therapy, 1979, 1, 7-11.
46.
Freedman, B. J. , Rosenthal, L., Donahue, C. P., Jr., Schlundt, D. G., & McFall, R. M.A social-behavioral analysis of skill deficits in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescent boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 1448-1462.
47.
Freeman, B. J.The syndrome of autism: the problem of diagnosis in research . Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1977, 2, 142-145.
48.
Freeman, B. J. , & Ritvo, E. R.The syndrome of autism: a critical review of diagnostic systems and follow-up studies and the theoretical background of the Behavior Observation Scale. In P. Karoly (Ed.), Advances in child behavior analysis and therapy, forthcoming.
49.
Freeman, B. J. , Ritvo, E. R., Guthrie, D., Schroth, P., & Ball, J.The Behavior Observation Scale for autism: initial methodology, data analysis, and preliminary findings on 89 children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psvchiatr, 1978, 17, 576-588.
50.
Furman, W. , & Masters, J. C.A Bayesian approach to convergent and discriminant validation: illustrated by validational relations between social learning constructs of reinforcement and punishment and their affective consequences. Developmental Psychology, forthcoming.
51.
Gallagher, J. J. & Wiegerink, R.Educational strategies for the autistic child. In E. Schopler & R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Psychopathology anl child development. New York: Plenum, 1976.
52.
Gelfand, D. M.Social withdrawal and negative emotional states: behavior therapy. In B. J. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. O. Ross, (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
53.
Gelfand, D. M. , & Hartmann, D. P.The prevention of childhood behavior disorders. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child p.svchologiy (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
54.
Gittelman-Klein, R. G. , Klein, D. F., Abikoff, H., Katz, S., Gloisten, A. C.. & Kates, W.Relative efficacy of methylphenidate and behavior modification in hyperkinetic children: an interim report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1976, 4, 361-379.
55.
Goldfried, M. R. , & Goldfried, A. P.Cognitive change methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change. New York: Pergamon, 1975.
56.
Gottman, J.The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children . Journal of Abnormal Child Ps l chology, 1977, 5, 69-78.
57.
Gottman, J. , Gonso, J., & Schuler, P.Teaching social skills to isolated children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1976, 4, 179-197.
58.
Graziano, A. M.Parents as behavior therapists. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 4). New York: Academic, 1977.
59.
Graziano, A. M.Behavior therapy. In B. B. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. O. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
60.
Greenwood, C. R. , Walker, H. M., & Hops, H.Issues in social interaction withdrawal assessment. Exceptional Children, 1977, 43, 490-499.
61.
Hamblin, R. L. , Buckholdt, D., Ferritor, D., Kozlofft, M., & Blackwell, L.The humanization process. New York: John Wiley, 1971.
62.
Harris, S. L., & Ersner-Hershfield, R.Behavioral suppression of seriously disruptive behavior in psychotic and retarded patients: a review of punishment and its alternatives. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 1352-1375.
63.
Harter, S.Effectance motivation reconsidered: a developmental model . Human Development, 1978, 21, 34-64.
64.
Hartmann, D. P. , Roper, B. L., & Gelfand, D. M.An evaluation of alternative modes of child psychotherapy. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
65.
Hartup, W. W.Peer relations and the growth of social competence. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), The primary prevention of psychopathology: Promoting social competence and coping in children. (Vol. 3). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, forthcoming.
66.
Hatzenbuehler, L.C. & Schroeder, H. E.Desensitization procedures in the treatment of childhood disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 831-844.
67.
Heinicke, C. M. , & Strassman, L. H.Toward more effective research on child psychotherapy. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1975, 14, 561-588.
68.
Hersen, M. , & Barlow, D. H.Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York: Pergamon, 1976.
69.
Jennings, W. B.Early infantile autism: A review. Memphis, TN: Memphis Board of Education, 1970.
70.
Jesness, C. F.Comparative effectiveness of behavior modification and transactional analysis programs for delinquents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 758-779.
71.
Johnson, S. M. , & Christensen, A.Multiple criteria follow-up of behavior modification with families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psi'chology, 1975, 3, 135-154.
72.
Johnson, S. M. , & Lobitz, G. K.The personal and marital adjustment of parents as related to observed child deviance and parenting behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1974, 2, 193-207.
73.
Kanfer, F. H.Self-regulation: research, issues and speculations. In C. Neuringer, & J. L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
74.
Kanfer, F. H.Assessment for behavior modification . Journal of Personality Assessment, 1972, 36, 418-423.
75.
Kanfer, F. H.Self-management methods. In F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein (Eds.), Helping people change. New York: Pergamon, 1975.
76.
Kanfer, F. H.The many faces of self-control, or behavior modification changes its focus. In R. B. Stuart (Ed.), Behavioral self-management. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977.
77.
Kanfer, F. H. , & Grimm, L. G.Behavioral analysis: selecting target behaviors in the interview. Behavior Modification, 1977, 1, 7-28.
78.
Kanfer, F. H. & Karoly, P.Self-regulation and its clinical application: some additional conceptualizations. In R. C. Johnson, P. Dokecki, & O. Mowrer (Eds.), Conscience, contract and social reality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1972.
79.
Kanfer, F. H. , Karoly, P., & Newman, A.Reduction of children's fear of the dark by competence-related and situational threat-related verbal cues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 251-258.
80.
Karoly, P.Behavioral self-management in children: concepts, methods, issues, and directions. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 5). New York: Academic, 1977.
81.
Kazdin, A. E.The token economy: A review and evaluation. New York: Plenum, 1977.
82.
Kazdin, A. E.The application of operant techniques in treatment, rehabilitation and education. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
83.
Keith, S. J. , Gunderson, J. G., Reifman, A., Buchsbaum, S., & Mosher, L. R.Special report: schizophrenia, 1976. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1976, 2, 509-565.
84.
Kent, R. N. , & O'Leary, K. D.A controlled evaluation of behavior modification with conduct problem children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 586-596.
85.
Kirigin, K.A. , Braukmann, C. J., Fixsen, D. L., Phillips, E. L., & Wolf, M. M.Is community-based corrections effective: An evaluation of Achievement Place. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Chicago, 1975.
86.
Kirkland, K. D. , & Thelen, M. H.Uses of modeling in child treatment. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
87.
Klein, N. C. , Alexander, J. F., & Parsons, B. V.Impact of family systems intervention on recidivism and sibling delinquency: a model of primary prevention and program evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 469-474.
88.
Kohlberg, L. , LaCrosse, J., & Ricks, D.The predictability of adult mental health from childhood behavior. In B. Wolman (Ed.), Manual of child psychopathology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972.
89.
Kovacs, M. , & Beck, A. T.An empirical clinical approach towards a definition of childhood depression. In J. G. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in children: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models. New York: Raven, 1977.
90.
Kozloff, M. A.Reaching the autistic child: A parent-training program. Champaign, IL: Research, 1973.
91.
Kozloff, M. A.Educating children with learning and behavior problems. New York: John Wiley, 1974.
92.
Krasner, L.History of a revolutionary paradigm?Contemporary Psychology, 1979, 24, 1-2.
93.
Kuhn, T. S.The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
94.
Lefkowitz, M. M. , & Burton, N.Childhood depression: a critique of the concept. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 716-726.
95.
Lewis, W.Continuity and intervention in emotional disturbance: a review . Exceptional Children, 1965, 31, 465-475.
96.
Lobitz, G. K. & Johnson, S. M.Normal versus deviant children: a multimethod comparison. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1975, 3, 353-374.
97.
Lovaas, O. I.The autistic child: Language development through behavior nmodification. New York: Irvington, 1977.
98.
Lovaas, O. I. , & Newsom, S. C.Behavior modification with psychotic children. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
99.
Lovaas, O. I. , Schreibman, L., & Koegel, R. L.A behavior modification approach to the treatment of autistic children. In E. Schopler and R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Psychopathology and child development. New York: Plenum, 1976.
100.
Lovaas, O. I. , Young, D. B., & Newsom, C. D.Childhood psychosis: behavioral treatment. In B. J. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. O. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
101.
Luria, A. R.The role of speech in the regulation of normal and abnorm7al behaviorl. New York: Liveright, 1961.
102.
MacDonald, M. L.Multiple impact behavior therapy in a child's dog phobia . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1975, 6, 317-322.
103.
Mahoney, M. J.Cognitive and self-control therapies. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy, and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
104.
Maloney, D. M. , Fixsen, D. L., & Maloney, K. B.Antisocial behavior: behavior modification. In B. J. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. O. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
105.
Margolies, P. J.Behavioral approaches to the treatment of early infantile autism: a review . Psychological Bulletin, 1977, 84, 249-264.
106.
Marholin, D., II (ed.), Child behavior therapy_. New York: Gardner, 1978.
107.
Marholin, D., II , & Mclnnis, E. T.Treating children in group settings: techniques for individualizing behavioral programs. In D. Marholin II (Ed.), Child behavior therapy. New York: Gardner, 1978.
108.
Marholin, D., II , & Siegel, L. J.Beyond the law of effect: programming for the maintenance of behavioral change. In D. Marholin II (Ed.), Child behavior therapy. New York: Gardner, 1978.
109.
Meichenbaum, D. H.Theoretical and treatment implications of developmental research on verbal control of behavior . Canadian PsYchological Review, 1975, 16, 22-27.
110.
Meichenbaum, D. H.Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum, 1977.
111.
Meichenbaum, D. H. , & Goodman, J.Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: a means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1971, 77, 115-126.
112.
Melamed, B. G. , & Siegel, L. J.Reduction of anxiety in children facing hospitalization and surgery by use of filmed modeling. Journal 0f `Con7sulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 511-521.
113.
Melamed, B. G. , Yurcheson, R., Fleece, E. L., Hutcherson, S., & Hawes, R.Effects of film modeling on the reduction of anxiety-related behaviors in individuals varying in level of previous experience in the stress situation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 1357-1367.
114.
Morris, E. K.A brief review of legal deviance: references in behavior analysis and delinquency. In D. Marholin II (Ed.), Child behavior therapy. New York: Gardner, 1978.
115.
O'Connor, R. D.Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1969, 2, 15-22.
116.
O'Connor, R. D.Relative efficacy of modeling, shaping, and the combined procedures for modification of social withdrawal . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1972, 79, 327-334.
117.
O'Dell, S.Training parents in behavior modification: a review . Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 418-433.
118.
O'Leary, S. G. , & O'Leary, K. D.Behavior modification in the school. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
119.
Ornitz, E. M. , & Ritvo, E. R.The syndrome of autism: a critical review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 609-621.
120.
Parsons, B. V. , & Alexander, J. F.Short-term family intervention: a therapy outcome study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973, 41, 195-201.
121.
Patterson, G. R.Interventions for boys with conduct problems: multiple settings, treatments, and criteria . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 471-481.
122.
Patterson, G. R.The aggressive child: victim and architect of a coercive system. In L. A. Hamerlynck, L. D. Handy, & E. J. Mash (Eds.), Behavior modification and families. 1. Theory and research 2. Application and developments. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1976.
123.
Patterson, G. R.A performance theory for coercive family interaction. In R. Cairns (Ed.), Social interactional analysis: Methods and illustrations. New York: Earlbaum Associates, 1979.
124.
Patterson, G. R. , Ray, R. S., Shaw, D. A., & Cobb, J. A.Manual for codingfamily interactions. New York: Microfiche, 1969.
125.
Patterson, G. R. , & Reid, J. B.Reciprocity and coercion: two facets of social systems. In C. Neuringer & J. Michael (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
126.
Reichler, R. J. , & Schopler, E.Developmental therapy: a program model for providing individual services in the community. In E. Schopler & R. J. Reichler (Eds.), Psychopathology and child development. New York: Plenum, 1976.
127.
Reisinger, J. J. , Ora, J. P. & Frangia, G. W.Parents as change agents for their children: a review. Journal of Community Psychology, 1976, 4, 103-123.
128.
Richards, C. S. , & Siegel, L. J.Behavioral treatment of anxiety states and avoidance behaviors in children. In D. Marholin II (Ed.), Child behavior therapy. New York: Gardner, 1978.
129.
Rincover, A. , & Koegel, R. L.Research on the education of autistic children: recent advances and future directions. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum, 1977.
130.
Ritvo, E. R. (Ed.) Autism: Diagnosis, current research and management. New York: Spectrum, 1976.
131.
Robins, L. N.Deviant children grown up. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1966.
132.
Rosenthal, T. & Bandura, A.Psychological modeling: theory and practice. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
133.
Ross, A. O.Psychological disorders of children: A behavioral approach to theori, research, and therapy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
134.
Ross, A. O.Behavior therapy with children. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: John Wiley, 1978.
135.
Ross, D. M. & Ross, S. A.Hyperactivity: Research, theory and action. New York: John Wiley, 1976.
136.
Rutter, E. M. , & Schopler, E.Autism: A reappraisal of concepts. New York: Plenum, 1978.
137.
Selman, R. L.Social-cognitive understanding: a guide to educational and clinical practice. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
138.
Shores, R. E. , & Strain, P. S.Social reciprocity: a review of research and educational implications. Exceptional Children, 1977, 43, 526-530.
139.
Spivack, G. , Platt, J. J., & Shure, M. D.The problem-solving approach to adjustment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976.
140.
Sroufe, L. A. , Stuecher, H. V., & Stutzer, W.The functional significance of autistic behaviors for the psychotic child. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1973, 1, 225-240.
141.
Stokes, T. F. , &, Baer, D. M.An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analy sis, 1977, 10, 349-367.
142.
Stuart, R. B. , Tripodi, T., Jayaratne, S., & Camburn, D.An experiment in social engineering in serving the families of predelinquents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1976, 4, 243-261.
143.
Tavormina, J. B.Basic models of parent counseling: a critical review . Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 827-835.
144.
Tharp, R. G. , & Wetzel, R. J.Behavior modification in the natural environment. New York: Academic, 1969.
145.
Vygotsky, L. S.Thought and language. New York: John Wiley, 1962.
146.
Wahler, R. G.Deviant child behavior within the family: developmental speculations and behavior change strategies. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
147.
Whalen, C. K. , & Henker, B.Psychostimulants and children: A review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 1113-1130.
148.
Whalen, C. K. , & Henker, B. (Eds.) Hyperactive children: The social ecology of identification and treatment. New York: Academic, 1979.
149.
Willner, A. G. , Braukmann, C. J., Kirigin, K. A., & Wolf, M. M.Achievement Place: a community treatment model for youths in trouble. In D. Marholin II (Ed.), Child behavior therapy. New York: Gardner, 1978.
150.
Wolraich, M. , Drummond, T., Salomon, M. K., O'Brien. M. L., & Sivage, C.Effects of methylphenidate alone and in combination with behavior modification procedures on the behavior and academic performance of hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1978, 6, 149-161.