The present overview evaluates the evidence in favor of the efficacy of (traditional) behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of clinically significant depressions. The results of single-case and comparison group studies are used to highlight clinical issues that require more systematic attention and to suggest future research directions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Beck, A. T.Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber, 1967.
2.
Beck, A. T.Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1976.
3.
Beck, A. T. , & Beamesderfer, A.Assessment of depression: The depression inventory. In P. Pichot (Ed.), Modern problems inpharmacopsychiatry (Vol. 7). Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1974.
4.
Beck, A. T. , & Mahoney, M. J.Schools of "thoughts": A comment on Wolpe's "Cognition and causation in human behavior and its therapy."American Psychologist, forthcoming.
5.
Covi, L. , Lipman, R. S., Derogatis, L. R., Smith, J. E., III, & Pattison, J. H.Drugs and group psychotherapy in neurotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 191-198.
6.
Craighead, W. E. , Kazdin, A. E., & Mahoney, M. J. (Eds.) Behavior modifcation: Principles, issues, and applications. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.
7.
Depue, R. A. , & Monroe, S. M.Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1978, 87, 3-20.
8.
Feighner, J. P. , Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R.Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 57-63.
9.
Ferster, C. B.A functional analysis of depression . American Psychologist, 1973, 28, 857-869.
10.
Fuchs, C. Z. , & Rehm, L. P.A self-control behavior therapy program for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 206-215.
11.
Grinker, R. R. , Miller, I., Sabshin, M., Nunn, R., & Nunnally, J. C.The phenomena of depressions. New York: Hoeber, 1961.
12.
Hamilton, M.A rating scale for depression . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1960, 23, 56-61.
13.
Hamilton, M.Clinical evaluation of depression: Clinical criteria and rating scales including a Guttman scale. In D. M. Gallant & G. M. Simpson (Eds.), Depression: behavioral, biochemical, diagnostic and treatment concepts. New York: Spectrum, 1976.
14.
Hanaway, T. P. , & Barlow, D. H.Prolonged depressive behaviors in a recently blinded deaf mute: A behavioral treatment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1975, 6, 43-48.
15.
Hannie, T. J. , & Adams, H. E.Modification of agitated depression by flooding: A preliminary study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1974, 5, 161-166.
16.
Hersen, M. , Eisler, R. M., Alford, G. S., & Agras, W. S.Effects of token economy on neurotic depression: An experimental analysis. Behavior Therapy, 1973, 4, 392-397.
17.
Homme, L. E.Perspectives in psychology: XXIV. Control of coverants, the operants of the mind . The Psychological Record, 1965, 15, 501-511.
18.
Jackson, B.Treatment of depression by self-reinforcement . Behavior Therapy, 1972, 3, 298-307.
19.
Johnson, W. G.Some applications of Homme's coverant control therapy: Two case reports . Behavior Therapy, 1971, 2, 240-248.
20.
Kanfer, F. H. , & Karoly, P.Self-control: A behavioristic excursion into the lion's den. Behavior Therapy, 1972, 3, 398-416.
21.
Kovacs, M. , & Beck, A. T.Maladaptive cognitive structures in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1978, 135, 525-533.
22.
Ledwidge, B.Cognitive behavior modification: A step in the wrong direction?Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 353-375.
23.
Lewinsohn, P. M.A behavioral approach to depression. In R. J. Friedman & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: John Wiley, 1974.
24.
Lewinsohn, P. M. , & Atwood, G. E.Depression: A clinical-research approach. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 1969, 6, 166-171.
25.
Lewinsohn, P. M. , & Libet, J.Pleasant events, activity schedules, and depressions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1972, 79, 291-295.
26.
Lewinsohn, P. M. , & Shaw, D. A.Feedback about interpersonal behavior as an agent of behavior change: A case study in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1969, 17, 82-88.
27.
Mahoney, M. J.The self-management of covert behavior: A case study . Behavior Therapy, 1971, 2, 575-578.
28.
Marston, A. R. , & Feldman, S. E.Toward the use of self-control in behavior modification. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 429-433.
29.
McLean, P. D.Therapeutic decision-making in the behavioral management of depression. In P. O. Davidson (Ed.), Behavioral management of anxiety, depression and pain. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1976.
30.
McLean, P. D. , & Hakstian, A. R.Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient treatments. Presented at the meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Toronto, Canada, June 1978.
31.
McLean, P. D. , Ogston, K., & Grauer, L.A behavioral approach to the treatment of depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1973, 4, 323-330.
32.
Morris, J. B. , & Beck, A. T.The efficacy of antidepressant drugs: A review of research (1958-1972). Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 30, 667-674.
33.
Raskin, A. , Schulterbrandt, J. G., Reatig, N., & McKeon, J. J.Differential response to chlorpromazine, imipramine, and placebo: A study of subgroups of hospitalized depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1970, 23, 164-173.
34.
Rehm, L. P.A self-control model of depression . Behavior Therapy, 1977, 8, 787-804.
35.
Rehm, L. P. , Fuchs, C. Z., Roth, D. M., Kornblith, S. J., & Romano, J. M.A comparison of self-control and social skills treatments of depression. Behavior Therapy, forthcoming.
36.
chronically depressed man . Behavior Therapy, 1973, 4, 150-152.
37.
Rush, A. J. , & Beck, A. T.Behavior therapy in adults with affective disorders. In M. Herson & A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Behavior therapy in the psychiatric setting. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1979.
38.
Rush, A. J. , Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Hollon, S.Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977, 1, 17-37.
39.
Rush, A. J. , Khatami, M., & Beck, A. T.Cognitive and behavior therapy in chronic depression. Behavior Therapy, 1975, 6, 398-404.
40.
Secunda, S. K. , Katz, M. M., Friedman, R. J., & Schuyler, D.The depressive disorders. NIMH Special Report: 1973, DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-9157. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
41.
Shaw, B. F.Comparison of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy in the treatment of depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977, 45, 543-551.
42.
Shipley, C. R. , & Fazio, A. F.Pilot study of a treatment for psychological depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 197382, 372-376.
43.
Spitzer, R. L. , Endicott, J., & Robins, E.Research diagnostic criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978, 35, 773-782.
44.
Taylor, F. G. , & Marshall, W. L.Experimental analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977, 1, 59-72.
45.
Todd, F. J.Coverant control of self-evaluative responses in the treatment of depression: A new use for an old principle . Behavior Therapy, 1972, 3, 91-94.
46.
Weissman, M. M. , Kasl, S. V., & Klerman, G. L.Depressed women one year after maintenance treatment: Implications for planning long-term care. Presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California, May 1975.
47.
Wilcoxon, L. A. , Schrader, S. L., & Nelson, R. E.Behavioral formulations of depression. In W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Behavior modification: Principles, issues, and applications. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.
48.
Wolpe, J.Neurotic depression: Experimental analog, clinical syndromes, and treatment . American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1971, 25, 362-368.
49.
Wolpe, J.Cognition and causation in human behavior and its therapy . American Psychologist, 1978, 33, 437-446.
50.
Zung, W. K.A self-rating depression scale . Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 12, 63-70.