Interventions aimed at enhancing social cognition deficits in individuals with schizophrenia are globally supported by evidence demonstrating improvements in various functional outcomes. The Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) intervention was adapted for use in the Indian context for individuals with schizophrenia using the Reporting Cultural Adaptation in Psychological Trials (RECAPT) guidelines, informed by expert consultations. This included contextually relevant changes in the resource materials (print, photographs, and video) and the development of additional resources. Changes in the intervention delivery process included the use of individual sessions with adjunctive group sessions. Initial feasibility was assessed via a pilot tryout of the adapted SCIT on three persons diagnosed with schizophrenia. This informed additional changes for future applications of the adapted SCIT, such as structured involvement of family members as practice partners and modifications in the intervention delivery format. Content validation process for the final adapted intervention modules was carried out by four mental health practitioners. The experiences, challenges, and decision-making process involved in the adaptation are outlined, along with implications for future research and contextually tailored intervention strategies.
BhagyavathiH. D.MehtaU. M.ThirthalliJ.KumarC. N.KumarJ. K.SubbakrishnaD. K.GangadharB. N. (2015). Cascading and combined effects of cognitive deficits and residual symptoms on functional outcome in P: A path-analytical approach. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.022
2.
BrennerH. D.RoderV.HodelB.KienzleN.ReedD.LibermanR. P. (1994). Integrated psychological therapy for schizophrenic patients. Hogrefe & Huber.
3.
BrothersL. (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27–61.
4.
ChaddaR. K.DebK. S. (2012). Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2), S299. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105555
5.
CombsD. R.AdamsS. D.PennD. L.RobertsD.TiegreenJ.StemP. (2007). Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings. Schizophrenia Research, 91(1–3), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.010
6.
ChoiK. H.KwonJ. H. (2006). Social cognition enhancement training for schizophrenia: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-9023-6
7.
DarkF.ScottJ. G.BakerA.ParkerS.GordonA.NewmanE. W.LimC. C.JonesL.PennD. L. (2020). Randomized controlled trial of social cognition and interaction training compared to befriending group. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 384–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12252
8.
EkmanP.FriesenW. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
9.
ElfenbeinH. A.AmbadyN. (2003). When familiarity breeds accuracy: Cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 276–290.
10.
FettA. K.ViechtbauerW.DominguezM. D.PennD. L.van OsJ.KrabbendamL. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001
11.
Fernández-SotosP.TorioI.Fernández-CaballeroA.NavarroE.GonzálezP.DompabloM.Rodriguez-JimenezR. (2019). Social cognition remediation interventions: A systematic mapping review. PLoS One, 14(6), e0218720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218720
12.
GordonA.DavisP. J.PattersonS.PeppingC. A.ScottJ. G.SalterK.ConnellM. (2018). A randomized waitlist control community study of Social Cognition and Interaction Training for people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12161
13.
GrantN.LawrenceM.PretiA.WykesT.CellaM. (2017). Social cognition interventions for people with schizophrenia: A systematic review focussing on methodological quality and intervention modality. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.001
14.
GreenM. F.HellemannG.HoranW. P.LeeJ.WynnJ. K. (2012). From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: Modeling the role of ability and motivation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(12), 1216–1224. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.652
15.
GreenM. F.PennD. L.BentallR.CarpenterW. T.GaebelW.GurR. C.KringA. M.ParkS.SilversteinS. M.HeinssenR. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1211–1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm145
16.
GururajG.VargheseM.BenegalV.RaoG. N.PathakK.SinghL. K.MehtaR. Y.RamD.ShibukumarT. M.KokaneA.Lenin SinghR. K.ChavanB. S.SharmaP.RamasubramanianC.DalalP. K.SahaP.K.DeuriS. P.GiriA. K.KavishvarA. B. . . ., National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS). (2016). National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015–16: Prevalence, Patterns and Outcomes (pp. 90–121). NIMHANS Publication No. 129.
17.
HalversonT. F.Orleans-PobeeM.MerrittC.SheeranP.FettA.PennD. L. (2019). Pathways to functional outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Meta-analysis of social cognitive and neurocognitive predictors. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 105, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.020
18.
Hasson-OhayonI.Mashiach-EizenbergM.AvidanM.RobertsD. L.RoeD. (2014). Social cognition and interaction training: Preliminary results of an RCT in a community setting in Israel. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300146
19.
HeimE.MewesR.RamiaJ. A.GlaesmerH.HallB.ShehadehM. H.ÜnlüB.KananianS.KohrtB. A.Lechner-MeichsnerF.LotzinA.MoroM. R.RadjackR.Salamanca-SanabriaA.SinglaD. R.StarckA.SturmG.TolW.WeiseC.KnaevelsrudC. (2021). Reporting cultural adaptation in psychological trials—The RECAPT criteria. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 3(Spec Issue), 6351. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.6351
20.
HoranW. P.KernR. S.TrippC.HellemannG.WynnJ. K.BellM.MarderS. R.GreenM. F. (2011). Efficacy and specificity of Social Cognitive Skills Training for outpatients with psychotic disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.015
21.
KanieA.KikuchiA.HagaD.TanakaY.IshidaA.YorozuyaY.MatsudaY.MorimotoT.FukuokaT.TakazawaS.HagiyaK.OzawaS.IwataK.IkebuchiE.NemotoT.RobertsD. L.NakagomeK. (2019). The feasibility and efficacy of social cognition and interaction training for outpatients with schizophrenia in Japan: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, e00589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00589
22.
KendlerK. S.GallagherT. J.AbelsonJ. M.KesslerR. C. (1996). Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(11), 1022–1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110060007
23.
KumariP.SayeedN.DasB.BoseS.UmeshS.KhanandeR. V.RajJ. (2024). Validation of social cognition and interaction training’s (SCIT) videos and photographs in Indian setting. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(1), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_228_23
24.
MandalM. K.SahaG. B.PalchoudhuryS. (1986). A cross-cultural study on facial affect. Journal of Psychological Researches, 30, 140–143.
25.
MatsumotoD.HwangH. S.YamadaH. (2010). Cultural differences in the relative contributions of face and context to judgments of emotions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 198–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110387426
26.
MatsumotoD.KupperbuschC. (2001). Idiocentric and allocentric differences in emotional expression and experience. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 113–131.
27.
MehtaU. M.ThirthalliJ.KumarC. N.KumarJ. K.KeshavanM. S.GangadharB. N. (2013). Schizophrenia patients experience substantial social cognition deficits across multiple domains in remission. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), 324–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.02.001
28.
MehtaU. M.ThirthalliJ.KumarC. N.KumarJ. K.GangadharB. N. (2014). Negative symptoms mediate the influence of theory of mind on functional status in schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(7), 1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0804-x
29.
MehtaU. M.ThirthalliJ.BhagyavathiH. D.KumarJ. K.SubbakrishnaD. K.GangadharB. N.EackS. M.KeshavanM. S. (2014). Similar and contrasting dimensions of social cognition in schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 157(1–3), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.018
NijmanS. A.VelingW.van der StouweE. C.PijnenborgG. H. (2020). Social cognition training for people with a psychotic disorder: A network meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(5), 1086–1103. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa023
34.
ParkerS.FoleyS.WalkerP.DarkF. (2013). Improving the social cognitive deficits of schizophrenia: a community trial of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 21(4), 346–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856213486305
35.
PernerJ.WimmerH. (1985). “John thinks that Mary thinks that. . .”: Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7
36.
PinkhamA. E.HarveyP. D.PennD. L. (2018). Social cognition psychometric evaluation: results of the final validation study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 737–748. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx117
37.
PinkhamA. E.PennD. L.GreenM. F.BuckB.HealeyK.HarveyP. D. (2014). The social cognition psychometric evaluation study: Results of the expert survey and RAND panel. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 813–823. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt081
38.
RobertsD. L.PennD. L. (2009). Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Research, 166(2–3), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.007
39.
RobertsD. L.PennD. L.CombsD. R. (2016). Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT): Group psychotherapy for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, clinician guide. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199346622.001.0001
40.
RochaN. B.CamposC.FigueiredoJ. M.SaraivaS.AlmeidaC.MoreiraC.PereiraG.Telles-CorreiaD.RobertsD. (2021). Social cognition and interaction training for recent-onset schizophrenia: A preliminary randomized trial. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(1), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12944
41.
SholevarG. P. (Ed.). (2008). Textbook of family and couples therapy: Clinical applications. American Psychiatric Pub.
42.
TaksalA.SudhirP. M.JanakiprasadK. K.ViswanathD.ThirthalliJ. (2015a). Feasibility and effectiveness of the Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary investigation from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2015.06.013
43.
TaksalA.SudhirP. M.JanakiprasadK. K.ViswanathD.ThirthalliJ. (2015b). Impact of the Integrated Psychological Treatment (IPT) on social cognition, social skills, and functioning in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: A feasibility study from India. Psychosis, 8(3), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2015.1088058
44.
TasC.DanaciA. E.CubukcuogluZ.BrüneM. (2012). Impact of family involvement on social cognition training in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia—A randomized pilot study. Psychiatry Research, 195(1–2), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.031
45.
TaylorR.CellaM.CsipkeE.Heriot-MaitlandC.GibbsC.WykesT. (2016). Tackling social cognition in schizophrenia: A randomized feasibility trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(3), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465815000284
46.
ThonseU.BehereR. V.FrommannN.SharmaP. (2018). Social cognition intervention in schizophrenia: Description of the training of affect recognition program—Indian version. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 36–40https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.12.015
47.
TirupatiS.PadmavatiR. (2022). Schizophrenia, recovery, and culture: The need for an Indian perspective. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 38(4), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_178_21
48.
ValaparlaV. L.NehraR.MehtaU. M.ThirthalliJ.GroverS. (2017). Social cognition of patients with schizophrenia across the phases of illness: A longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research, 190, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.008
49.
VaskinnA.HoranW. P. (2020). Social cognition and schizophrenia: Unresolved issues and new challenges in a maturing field of research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(3), 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa034
50.
VoutilainenG.KouhiaT.RobertsD. L.OksanenJ. (2016). Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for adults with psychotic disorders: a feasibility study in Finland. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(6), 711–716. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000151
51.
WangY.RobertsD. L.XuB.CaoR.YanM.JiangQ. (2013). Social cognition and interaction training for patients with stable schizophrenia in Chinese community settings. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.038
52.
WölwerW.FrommannN.HalfmannS.PiaszekA.StreitM.GaebelW. (2005). Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: Efficacy and specificity of a new training program. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2–3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.018
